Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle

Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics is a collection of ten books authored by Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics book attempts to advance the understanding of ethics. As a matter of fact, both book one and two intensely explore the concept of moral virtues. In book one, Aristotle asserts that an individual can have certain moral virtues and lack others. He goes further to explain how the concept of ‘good’ is defined in human life (Bartlewtt and Collins 12). He claims that every pursuit, action, thought or enquiry should be aimed at achieving some good.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the fact that there are many actions that people engage in, Aristotle argues that their ends are countless. Moreover, every individual carry out his or her activities where the end results are expected to be good, a factor that secures the highest end of human life (Paka luk 13). According to Aristotle, happiness is the supreme goodness of life. He notes that different people hold diverse opinions on what constitute happiness. There are those who argue that honor is the greatest benefit of human life. Therefore, Aristotle asserts that anything good is most likely to be impressive in the same manner. Nevertheless, there is a considerable diversity of things which people perceive as good. He concludes that anything that constitutes happiness is a virtue (Bartlewtt and Collins 15). In this case, for an individual to be considered good, he or she has to demonstrate some moral virtues. Aristotle divides the human soul into two distinct parts whereby one is rational and the other is irrational (Pakaluk 46). In this case, he will be able to display external goods characterized by pleasant and noble acts that bring happiness to others. Aristotle also argues that politics is the highest level of good since it cultivates dispositions that lead to noble action s. He confirms that an individual full of reason get to be happy since the person may act in accordance to reason (Bartlewtt and Collins 19). Apparently, virtuous individuals are able to endure external misfortunes and end up living a happy life that ignorant people. Aristotle concludes that happiness is the key principle that causes people to practice virtues such as confidence, respect, prudence and wisdom. In book II Aristotle discusses and defines how virtue should be understood. According to the author, there are two types of virtues namely intellectual and moral virtues. Aristotle comprehends that people are born with the potential for moral virtuousness and this is enhanced by constant practice. Therefore, ethical virtues are gained by habituation since we have the ability to cultivate and nurture them. For Aristotle, a good government should help its citizens to habituate virtuous acts and make them proper to every occasion (Bartlewtt and Collins 26).Advertising Look ing for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, he laments that education can play vital role in making people take pleasure in good acts. Arguably, Aristotle declines the assumption that virtues and vices are feelings. He comments that the aspects are acquired through deliberate choices since they are natural. He suggest that though ethical virtues are determined by actions and feelings people should try to have the right feeling to act for the right purpose. Still on the argument, Aristotle identifies a crucial distinction between acting virtuously and being virtuous. He argues that one can only become virtuous after learning to behave virtuously (Pakaluk 46). However, he claims that since circumstances vary, there is no distinct rule to follow while exercising virtuousness. Instead, one can develop a mean policy between two extremes where one is excess and the other is scarce. As an example, Aristot le points of that the level of courage might vary depending on circumstances. Bartlewtt, Robert, and Susan Collins. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Chicago, USA: Chicago University Press, 2011.Print. Pakaluk, Michael. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Print.

20 Computer Terms You Should Know

20 Computer Terms You Should Know 20 Computer Terms You Should Know 20 Computer Terms You Should Know By Simon Kewin A great deal of jargon is used when talking about computers, and it’s surprising how often these terms are used incorrectly. Even published, successful novels sometimes do so. The following list provides an explanation of some of the more common computing terms you may come across or need to employ in your own writing. Internet, World Wide Web The Internet is the network of computers we’re all familiar with. It’s quite common for the terms â€Å"Internet† and â€Å"World Wide Web† to be used interchangeably, but these aren’t actually the same thing. The Internet is essentially the wiring that allows computers all over the world to communicate. The World Wide Web is a system that operates via this wiring. Web pages are transmitted via Internet connections but there is more to the Internet than just the web. Many other types of data travel across the Internet too, for example email. Web Browser A program you use to look at, and navigate between, pages on the World Wide Web. Examples include Internet Explorer and Firefox although there are many others. Again, people sometimes refer to web browsers as â€Å"the Internet†, whereas they really only provide the means to view pages on the web. Bandwidth, Broadband Bandwidth is an indication of how quickly data travels along a connection. The greater the bandwidth, the faster data will be sent and received. Broadband is a rather vague term that refers to bandwidth somewhere above that of an old dial-up modem, although there is no precise definition of the term. Broadband connections are generally â€Å"always on†, unlike modem connections. There are various technologies which provide â€Å"broadband† speeds – such as ADSL, cable, satellite etc. Modem The word modem was originally coined in the days when computers communicated by converting numbers into sounds that could then be transmitted over a regular telephone line. At each end you needed a â€Å"modulator† to generate the sounds to transmit and a â€Å"demodulator† to convert received sounds back into numbers. From â€Å"MOdulator/DEModulator† came the word modem. With modern digital communication, no conversion to and from audible sounds is required, but even so it’s common to hear people talking about â€Å"broadband modems† or â€Å"ADSL modems† when referring to devices providing broadband connectivity. Strictly speaking, such devices are not modems at all as they communicate digitally but the word has stuck; its meaning has shifted to refer to digital devices as well. Memory, Disk Space Another very common source of confusion. In computing, â€Å"memory† generally refers to the temporary storage used by a computer whilst it is switched on. A computer loads programs and data into its memory in order to carry out tasks. This is more accurately called RAM or â€Å"random-access memory†. Disk space (or â€Å"hard disk space†), on the other hand, is a more permanent store that holds files even when the computer is switched off. It’s from here that the computer loads things into its memory. Strictly speaking you don’t store things in the computer’s memory as that vanishes when you turn the machine off. Virus, Spyware, Trojan, Worm, Malware These terms are often confused, although they have distinct meanings. A virus is a piece of software that can copy itself and which attaches itself to some other program in order to survive and replicate. It may have some malicious intent or it may exist simply to reproduce. A worm is similar but it can exist independently; it doesn’t need to attach to a separate program. A Trojan – or Trojan Horse – is a piece of software that gains access to a computer by pretending to be benign or by hiding within some innocent-looking application. The name is obviously derived from the wooden horse employed by the Greek army during the Trojan Wars. Spyware is software that secretly monitors computer activity, attempting to gain private information without the computer user knowing. By and large, all of the above will have some malicious intent – to harm data, spy on computer activity and so forth. Malware is a general term for all such programs – it simply means any software, of whatever sort, written with a malicious intent. Viruses are generally malware but there is more to malware than just viruses. Bits, Bytes At a basic level, all computer data is just a series of 0s and 1s. Each of these is referred to as a â€Å"binary digit†, for which â€Å"bit† is just an abbreviation. A byte is (generally) a collection of eight bits, so called because of the pun with bit and bite. Similarly a collection of four bits – half a byte – is sometimes called a â€Å"nybble†. In order to refer to large numbers of bits and bytes, various prefixes are used, as in : 1 kilobyte = 1024 (or 1000) bytes 1 megabayte = 1024 (or 1000) kilobytes 1 gigabyte = 1024 (or 1000) megabytes 1 terabyte = 1024 (or 1000) gigabytes 1 petabyte = 1024 (or 1000) terabytes Reboot To switch a computer off and on again, allowing its operating system and programs to be reloaded. Note that this is not the same as placing a computer into standby/hibernate and then resuming. A reboot requires that all software is completely reloaded. The term derives from â€Å"bootstrap†, as in the phrase â€Å"to pull oneself up by one’s bootstraps†, because of the similarity to that seemingly impossible act (as a computer can’t run without first loading some software but must be running before any software can be loaded). Cookie A small text file sent to your computer by a web site you have visited. These can be very useful in that they can allow the web site to recognize who you are when you return. Cookies cannot store viruses or other threats, although they can be used to track your activity across different web sites in order to provide, for example, â€Å"targeted† advertisements. Firewall A firewall is a piece of computer software or hardware that restricts the data that is allowed to flow through. Firewalls block traffic that is undesirable in some way, the intention being to prevent infection by malware and so on without restricting the user from carrying out legitimate activity. Spam Unsolicited email messages sent out in bulk and generally commercial in nature. In fact the term is used more widely these days to refer to such messages in a variety of places, not just on email – for example comments on blogs. The origin of this sense of the word spam is unclear. CAPTCHA CAPTCHA checks are the strings of letters and numbers that have to be typed in on some web pages before something can be saved. They exist because, although humans find interpreting these strings relatively easy, computers do not. Setting up these checks therefore blocks an automated process – such as one generating spam – from using the page, whereas a human is still able to. The acronym CAPTCHA actually stands for â€Å"Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart† – a rather contrived way of arriving at an acronym that sounds like the word â€Å"capture†. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive At50 Idioms About Meat and Dairy Products10 Types of Hyphenation Errors

Marymount University computer lab Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marymount University computer lab - Term Paper Example This part takes 11days of the time schedule with the first week of activity being exclusively the meetings before the process of gathering information on the current system also begins to run concurrently with it for the remaining eight days. The next stage is the discussion and analysis of the risks and the financial requirements of the project. This stage runs for three days as shown in the graphs and charts and begins immediately after requirement gathering stage. The second last activity is the obtainment of the building approvals by the relevant authorities that takes five days. The very last activity is the movement of equipment to the building that also takes five days. This section explains the expenditure throughout the whole project. The financial plan is generally divided into two main parts which are the requirement gathering and development part and the maintenance section. The main focus here is in the development part. The other budget estimation that also experienced a lower actual amount is the Mice budget that was first set for $50 and the actual figure comes up to $40 giving a deference of $10 on the actual estimated values. The other budgets are expected to run in line with the actual budgeted figures as earlier estimated making the schedule more realistic and precise as expected. This gives the entire budget for the project to

A Short Discussion on the Use of Imagery in James Joyces Araby Essay

A Short Discussion on the Use of Imagery in James Joyces Araby - Essay Example James has explained this side of the world and bitter realities in various parts of the story. For example, the North Richmond Street has been described as a cold silent street with a dead-end. James has also highlighted the details of other parts such as the young boy’s house, the gloominess that surrounds his house and his street, his relationship with his aunt and uncle, the details related to the priest who died in his house and about his belongings that raises the spiritual feelings in young boy’s heart and mind and lastly, the boy’s two trips that took him on the quest of discovering the meaning of real life and bring him back to state of consciousness that unfolded the blindness before his eyes (Donschikwoski). The background of the place where the young boy lived, well illustrates the true and real meanings of the life. Furthermore, as described by the author that the people who lived there including the boy’s aunt and uncle had a limited vision of life, conservative in their opinions and were unable to value anything in life; bounded to live an isolated life. In his story James Joyce has used various symbolic presentations which helped him to make his reader understand the real background of the story. For example, the belongings of the dead priest which included the priest’s old bicycle pump that was getting more corrosive in the rain and his old yellow books. These simple things indicate the character of the priest and his devotion towards God and his fellow men through his services. But after his death, his books became more old and yellow as well as his bicycle pump turned rustier. This whole effect signifies the downturn in the spiritual and intellectual condition of t he present state in which the young boy was living (Thurston). And in such environment of â€Å"spiritual analysis† the young boy endures his first love, experiences the arousal of sensuous desires and romantic fantasies. The religion has its strong roots entrenched in the lives of the people of North Richmond Street, but it was merely just a religion with shattered faith. However, for a young boy who is enduring the experiences of first love, finds the interpretation for his feelings from his religious learning and the romantic books he read. This ultimately resulted in confused and disillusioned understanding of love combined with religion, faith and pure romance. This developed the world of dreams inside him (Atherton). Gradually, at different levels the boy encounters the reality and irony of life that he ignores at first but his trip to Araby; a bazaar, which he believed as an â€Å"Oriental enchantment† uncovers the hidden reality which made him to believe that l ife and love have no similarity between them and both of these are different from a person’s understanding of dream and imagination. James Joyce has described the Araby market as a narrow and a dark place, where one could only hear the voice of falling coins and profits, a world that opposes the young boy’s dreams of romance and ideal. His late arrival at the bazaar with majority of stalls closed, brought him to an opened stall where he received a very cold attention from the saleslady. She was more interested in her conversation with the two gentlemen and paid no attention

Probation and Parole in the United States Essay Example for Free

Probation and Parole in the United States Essay Abstract Employee security problems and high risk caseloads progressively will move agents away from customary probation ideas of casework in the direction of ideas lined up with control or disciplinary beliefs. This study analyzes how the role of probation and parole has altered and what the future will be like counting on how we respond to the alterations at hand. This study also reviews changes in the criminal policies that have transpired. Probation and Parole in the United States: Changes in the Correctional System since World War II Under Florida law, the Department of Corrections is to keep the public safe and out of harm’s way, supply a protected and friendly environment for employees and criminals; work in joint venture with the community to add programs and services to lawbreakers; and oversee criminals at a grade of security appropriate with the hazards they present (Florida Department of Corrections, 1992). These duties pose marvelous trials for the employee’s management of the Florida Department of Corrections and the corrupt justice system as a whole. To have an insignificant impact on these matters, the system must make some foremost changes in how corrupt justice is distributed. This is necessary as the crime rates continue to rise; as courts misplace their influence in deterring crime by equalizing quick, rigid sentences; as correctional organizations accept inmates today and let them go tomorrow to ease overcrowding; and as criminals become more dangerous. The penalties of our failure to arise the surge of crime are frightening. An article in USA Today (1991) stated: Probation agencies have become seriously under-staffed just as they are being depended upon more strongly than any issue in history; probation, rather than prison, is the most widespread pattern of punishment. Probation agents have become less and less engaged in  their usual function, more connected to communal work and are more absorbed with law enforcement, following down those who have defied the periods of flexibility. Regardless of an astounding increase in the number of institutional facilities, an exceptional number of criminals have been put under strict watch in the community. The Florida Department of Corrections has more than 100,000 felony criminals under supervision in Florida communities. If it were not for overcrowding, numerous of these criminals would be assisting long sentences in state organizations. Regulation enforcement, the court, the correctional system, and probation and parole have the same duties for the malfunction of the criminal justice system. The difficulties documented above are huge. To deal with these difficulties, much of what we do and how we do it will need to be different. Many inside and outside alterations currently have been made to respond to the individual safety concerns of probation/parole agents in Florida: adjustment of agencies to provide for larger employee security, soft body armor, and firearms. This study task calculates areas where change is required, as well as obstacles that stand in the way of change. According to Edward W. Sieh (1990), Over the past so many years, probation communities have grown to more than 18% compared to about 15% in jail and prison communities and almost 13% in the number of paroles. Close to 2/3 of the complete correctional community was under probation supervision in the community at the end of 1985. Sieh decided that huge alterations in the criminal community have led to alterations in sentencing, as well as in how officers are expected or needed to do their job. Twenty-five percent of convicted felony criminals get probation. Other judgments encompass complete supervision and shock probation. Sieh’s study recognized two essential forms for overseeing criminals—â€Å"remedy† and â€Å"justice†. The remedy model demonstrates customary  casework and rehabilitation, and assesses change within the system. Sieh attacked the remedy mode, showing that it is inherently violent and unjust. It supposes a power over the impulse of criminals, out of capacity to their incorrect doing; it ignores information about the communal rather than therapeutic basis of crimes, and it treats clients as absolute objects of disciplinary policy to manipulate at a whim. The justice standard deals with the increasing occurrence of punishment. Sieh accepts that the standard was made from public appeal for belief of punishment with the smallest risk to the community. In his description of the justice standard, the officer is not at all worried about assisting alterations in the criminal, court instructions become the direction for supervision. Criminal success or failure counts upon his/her agreement with the conditions of supervision, and not the blame of the officer or the system. Complete supervision, in his outlook, is a process of the justice standard. Sieh assumed that the system is moving firmly nearer to a disciplinary one—the justice standard. He questioned contemporaries in the field to gaze for equity. Harris, Clear, and Baird (1989) discovered that the probation system completely extends to support remedy beliefs. Morran and Linder (1985) were in unison. They found more considerably, that electronic devices, sophisticated drug and alcohol area testing kits, and computerized information of new arrests are assisting to a larger focus of the law enforcement duty. Many of the criminals who carry out crimes are presently under supervision. Collaboration between regulation enforcement and probation would increase effectiveness. At the same time, supply for larger security for probation officers who might otherwise be needed to make late evening calls to tough positions without backup would not hurt either. Ten years before, supervising the whereabouts of a criminal by the use of an electronic monitor emerged light years away. Cold War undercover operations employed the use of electrical monitoring apparatus. The Florida corrections  system has intensely cooperated in a supervising program for more than ten years. Today, 800 criminals are under electrical monitoring oversight. The courts have vigorously approved the use of the apparatus. It is expected that the electrical monitoring will be utilized at elevated rates in the future. Between 1984 and 1988 the probation caseload went higher from 1.74 million to 2.36 million individuals (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1989). Numerous administrations have furthermore noticed that the probation populations are criminals who often begin with a high risk of threat to the probation agents (Guynes, 1988, Petersilla, Turner, Kahan, Paterson, 1985; Snyder, 1986). It is without question very necessary that officers are supplied with an access of security to make sure that they don’t become victims. The future is ours to shape and change, or to just let it occur. Given a perception of much important advancement, we should start to increase the speed of some of the more attractive future anticipations and slow up those with less attractive anticipations. To adjust the course of unattractive purposes, the setting up of balancing standards and practices will be needed.

Epilepsy Essay -- Neurology Neurological Disorders Essays

Epilepsy Epilepsy is a very common neurological disorder. Some reports estimate that five in one-thousand people suffer from this problem. Throughout history, people with epilepsy have been shunned or considered inferior. Even today, ignorance leads many people to treat the epileptic as "abnormal" or "retarded". Although the etiology of epilepsy is still not fully understood, it is quite treatable due to advances in modern medicine. Epilepsy is characterized by uncontrolled excessive activity of either a part of, or all of the central nervous system. A person who is predisposed to epilepsy has attacks when the basal level of excitability of the nervous system rises above a certain critical threshold. As long as the degree of excitability is held below this threshold, no attack occurs. Basically, epilepsy can be classified into three major types: grand mal, petit mal, and focal or partial epilepsy. Grand mal epilepsy is characterized by extreme neuronal discharges in all areas of the brain: in the cortex, in the deeper parts of the cerebrum, and even in the brain stem and thalamus. Also, discharges into the spinal cord cause generalized tonic convulsions of the entire body, followed toward the end of the attack by alternating tonic and then spasmodic muscular contractions called tonic-clonic convulsions. Often the person bites or "swallows" the tongue and usually has difficulty in breathing, sometimes to the extent of developing cyanosis. Also, signals to the viscera frequently cause urination and defecation. The grand mal seizures lasts from a few seconds to as long as three to four minutes and is characterized by post-seizure depression of the entire nervous system; the person remains in stupor for one to many minute... ...l. 16: S31-S38. Bleck, T. and H. Klawans. (1990) Convulsive Disorders: Mechanism of Epilepsy and Anticonvulsant Action. Clinical Neuropharmacology 13(2):121-128. Cohen, P. G. (1984) The Metabolic Basis for the Genesis of Seizures: The Role of the Potassium-Ammonia Axis. Medical Hypothesis, 13:199-204. Craig, C. R. (1984) Evidence for a role of neurotransmitters in the mechanism of topical convulsant models. Federal Proceedings, 43(10):2525-2528. Fisher, R. S. (1989) Animal models of the epilepsies. Brain Research Review, 14:245-278. Guyton, Arthur C. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th Ed. ,Saunders Co. (1991) p.663-665. W.B. Schmidt, D., C. Cornaggia, and W. Loscher. (1984) Comparative Studies of the GABA System in Neurosurgical Brain Specimens of Epileptic and Non-epileptic Patients. Neurotransmitters, Seizures, and Epilepsy II, p.275-283.

How to Increase Medication Compliance in Children with ADHD Essay

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is an enduring mental disorder that may become noticeable in a child’s formative preschool years. According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention ADHD affects approximately 7 percent of the school-aged population and, for that reason, has turned into a public health concern (Medical News Today, 2007). Treatment compliance is exceptionally vital in view of the fact that the success of the medication depends on consistent administration. Unfortunately, hardly any children with ADHD are capable of assuming full responsibility for their medication. In view of that, the underlying principle of this study is not just to present another piece of information to the already vast literature on ADHD. Instead, the author aims to specifically examine how to enhance medication compliance in children with ADHD. Existing studies will provide the author an overview on how ADHD medication compliance among children has been approached within the past years. Accordingly, a careful investigation in the current approach, future strategies, and obstacles will be done in this self-effacing research. Moreover, anticipated changes, that will present a forecast on what will transpire in the future if the proposed medication in children with ADHD is effectively complied with, will be done in this research. Background of the Critical Issue ADHD is a form of brain disorder that sets off difficulty in concentration and attention, as well as can cause problems of being compulsive, which is the hyperactivity aspect of it (Reporter News, 2009). Children with ADHD may easily misplace several things or get bored really easily. Sometimes they demonstrate irritability problems when they get anxious and edgy. Moreover, they normally divulge unrelated things during conversations. While symptoms of ADHD may appear to be childlike and merely annoying to observers, if left untreated or medication is not complied with, the pervasive and persistent effects of the symptoms can severely and insidiously interfere with one’s ability to maintain a generally positive self-esteem, maintain and establish interpersonal relationships, carry out one’s potential in the workplace, and to get the most out of education. With that, ADHD has become the most commonly identified and studied psychiatric disorder in children. However, notwithstanding the numerous ADHD studies undertaken, only a handful of articles explain how to increase medication compliance in children with ADHD and, consequently, only pieces and bits of information become known in published sources. At present, what experts know about medication compliances are merely information from few studies and experiences from other chronic conditions. The only interventions directly referable to ADHD are derived from specialty treatment centres that exchange information when clinicians convene at symposiums (Dodson, 2006, p. 1). With this regard, this paper will comprehensively examine current and planned approaches on how to increase medication compliance in children with ADHD. Current Research Management together with medication has been presently believed to be the most cost-effective approach in increasing medication compliance. Some of the known medicines for ADHD are atomoxetine, pemoline, dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate and a combination drug known as Adderall. These medicines are believed to increase medication compliance since they are seen to improve concentration and attention, and decrease overactive and impulsive behaviours among patients. However, with the idea that it is advantageous for children to have a few days per week to be prescription free, many of them take their medication only during school days. These children even experience a drug holiday during holidays or summer; therefore, allowing their bodies to function for a period of time exclusive of the aforesaid medications. In addition, researchers currently recommend a multi-tiered approach to children medication compliance, proposing more exhaustive services to children in greatest need and more traditional services to at-risk children; they believe that this may be the most cost-effective and practical strategy for helping preschoolers prevail over academic and behavioural challenges (Medical News Today, 2007). Accordingly, early medication and intervention compliance techniques generally consist of extremely individualized school programs that normally relies reinforcement behaviour on positive supports. For instance, in consultation with preschool teachers the National Institute of Mental Health researchers attempted to increase medication compliance and provide effective intervention by modifying the school environments, such as altering classroom activities and tasks in order to accommodate ADHD students (Medical News Today, 2007). Proposal for Change  Treatment adherence and compliance are vital issues in the management of every chronic psychiatric and medical condition. ADHD shares a number of the barriers to adequate compliance that is common to all chronic conditions. For instance, many people believe that children would â€Å"grow out† ADHD as symptoms of the disorder generally get better as children learn to adjust and grow older. Apparently, however, this is not true for the majority of children. A noticeable number of children who have ADHD continue to be hot tempered, have mood swings, easily distracted, and are incapable of completing tasks. In addition, many people believe that ADHD is a school-based disorder. As a result, the consequences of non-treatment adherence and compliance take place mostly outside the school environment, when children with ADHD are least expected to have been prescribed medication. Strategies The good thing about finding out Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder early and treating it early is that children are more expected to live to their full potential (Reporter News, 2009). However, children who have ADHD may have trouble and difficulty in understanding directions, particularly in complying medications. This can be very challenging not only to doctors and teachers, but also to parents, as it can cause a great deal of time, patience as well as trouble to the family. Parents need to adjust their home life to some extent in order to assist their child. In view of that, parents should make a schedule by setting specific times for going to bed, waking up, playing video games or watching TV, doing chores, doing homework, playing, eating and taking medicines. Schedule should be placed where the child is most expected to see it always, and if there are intended changes to the routine, parents should clarify the aforesaid changes in advance. Parents should also make simple house rules, and to spell out what will happen when the rules are broken as well as when they are obeyed. Likewise, parents should ensure that the rules are understood by their child. They should get their child’s attention by making an eye contact with them. Parents should then tell their child in a calm and clear voice what they want the child to follow. Nevertheless, parents should keep all instructions short and simple, and must ask their child to repeat the said instructions back to them. Finally, parents should ensure that their child is appropriately supervised all the time, as well as commend their child when the latter completes a task. For that reason, parents should reward these excellent behaviours. Obstacles Most people, including healthcare providers, still perceive ADHD as a strictly academic dilemma. This observation is reflected in medication patterns showing a large number of school-age children being exclusively treated Monday through Friday, from 7 in the morning to 3 in the afternoon but not on weekends, evenings, or during summer vacations and holidays (Dodson, 2006, p. ). This is particularly depressing given the extensive study on the alarming consequences of non-treatment. Anticipated Changes If left untreated, children with ADHD have significantly greater possibility of being involved in illegal activity, becoming divorced or separated, having an unexpected pregnancy, contracting a sexually transmitted disease, being involved in serious accidents, and developing substance use disorders. However, a growing amount of evidence reveals that successful medication reduces the possibility of these untreated ADHD outcomes to be found in non-ADHD general population (Dodson, 2006, p. 2). Accordingly, children who have supportive and loving parents who continuously work for the their wellbeing at home alongside mental health workers, school staff, and their doctor have the most excellent chance of becoming normal upon reaching adult age. Conclusion Up to 7 percent of American students suffer from Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. However, this research concludes that ADHD is not just a school-based disorder in view of the fact that children with ADHD can also cause and experience troubles at home. Unfortunately, considering the high level of research in children with ADHD, little information is available on out of school interventions that help improve patient medication compliance. Children with ADHD require continuous encouragements and clear structure, both in school and home, in order for them to experience behavioural changes and, consequently, increase medication compliance. Therefore, aside from medicines, doctors and teachers efforts, parents must also make a religious endeavour in taking care of their child with ADHD at home since it is strongly believed that ADHD medication does not end at school or clinics. Children who have ADHD tend to need clearer and more structured guidance, and home environment presents an enormous weight of realizing this appropriate guidance. Suggestions for Additional Information Tics and Tourette’s Syndrome, Changing Your Childs Behaviour, ADHD Medicines, Parenting Tips, Treating ADHD Medication.

The Image of the Mother in Langston Hughes’ “Mother to Son”

As a child of the early twentieth century, Langston Hughes endured trying times. Hughes and his mother lived most of their lives in poverty. As a young teen, Hughes began writing poems about the world he saw through his eyes – a world of racial segregation and prejudice. This was the basis of many of his poems, and it was these poems that allowed him to influence the Harlem Renaissance. To him the image of the African American family is centered on the mother.The mother is the point around whom everything about the family revolves. She is indeed the epitome of the African proverb or specifically the Akan proverb that says:† The death of a mother marks the end of one’s family†. It is this image that permeates through Langston Hughes poem, â€Å"Mother to Son†. Although sometimes the father may share this role that the mother plays in the African American family structure, as portrayed in for example the movie â€Å"Pursuit of Happyness†, it is q uite rare.Single parenthood here is more often than not, about the mother who has been pushed into this horrible situation probably due to her husband’s imprisonment for one crime or the other, the sheer neglect of his family or his demise which might have been as a result of drug use or gun fights. A closer look at the poem reveals that in the African American family structure, not only is the mother mostly a single parent who is saddled with the financial burden of the family needs, but she is also a counsellor or a very strong motivational figure; she uses her experiences in life to guide the growth of her children.In the poem â€Å"Mother to Son† just as the title suggests, it is a mother's advice to her son. The words of this poem offer strong encouragement and a sense of hope in a harsh world. Her words offer a positive outlook despite the difficult climb. At one point, the tone changes as it becomes a bit sarcastic – she mentions that things get â€Å"ki nder† (kind of) hard, when actually it has been worse than she makes it sound. It appears as if she does not want her son to see so much of the bad, but to simply focus on what was yet to come.Life has not been a â€Å"crystal stair† for her, yet suggesting to him that those difficulties are, if not ultimately surmountable, at least worth struggling against and she is telling her son that it will not be easy for him either, but not to give up. Again, she is a disciplinarian and a â€Å"pastor† who ensures that her children grow both physically and spiritually into well accepted people in their society.She believes in the verse â€Å"Train  up a child the way he should go and when he is old, he will never depart from it†. She does not spare the rod when it becomes necessary. After describing the staircase of her life, the mother addresses the son by saying that he should not sit down or fall down just because his staircase is hard to climb. In the motherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s eyes, the son should never give up. Instead he should see her as an example because it wasn’t easy for her, but she never gave up. In the poem she says: So boy, don’t you turn back.Don’t you set down on the steps ‘Cause you finds it’s kinder hard. Don’t you fall now ____ For I’se still goin’, honey, I’se still climbin’, And life for me ain’t been no crystal stairThe mother again is a teacher; she trains her children even to the point of career choice. At only twenty years of age, Hughes wrote the poem â€Å"Mother to Son†. The poet's â€Å"mother,† who speaks in the voice of the African- American teaches him he need not abandon that tradition in order to write poetry. All poetry, she says, need not be about â€Å"crystal stairs. † It can have â€Å"tacks† and â€Å"splinters† in it, â€Å"and places with no carpet on the floor.†It need not conform to white c onventions in either form or subject — it can be â€Å"bare†Ã¢â‚¬â€œyet it need not ignore those conventions if they can be of use (In fact, the line, â€Å"And life for me ain't been no crystal stair† is written in iambic pentameter, the most traditional of English poetic meters). The poet discovers, from listening to his mother-muse, a way to bring the African-American experience into poetry. He finds a way to move forward, to keep climbing.We can read in this poem, then, a kind of metaphor for the young poet's artistic coming of age. From his â€Å"mother† he learns the value and power of his vocation. He hears in her song his own voice which is to serve as the source of inspiration or the starting point of his poetry career. Obviously, through his many literary works, Hughes sought to build up his community (family) of African-Americans by instilling in them a sense of pride and triumph.This theme was frequently applied to his works as he wrote to enc ourage his readers to fight the battle against racism. In this poem as represented by the mother, he had hopes of somehow making a difference, a difference in which the world could change from its biased ways. One may be distracted by â€Å"tacks† and â€Å"splinters† such as racial discrimination and sometimes circumstances may appear â€Å"Bare† but he must †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å".

Digging and Early Purges Essay Example

Digging and Early Purges Essay Example Digging and Early Purges Paper Digging and Early Purges Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Seamus Heaney Poems For the Diverse Cultures assignment, I have studied pieces by Seamus Heaney. These include Digging and Early Purges. All the poems relate back to his young life in Limavady in the County of Derry, Northern Ireland. When Heaney was young, he wanted to follow in his fathers and grandfathers footsteps of being farmers. Not just that, but being the eldest child in his family, he was expected to. Instead however, he turned his back on his familys great tradition, and decided to become a writer instead. As said, Heaney did want to become a farmer, this was expressed in the poem Follower, where he describes the way his father used to plough fields. The title itself shows there was once an ambition to follow. Furthermore, the pride that Heaney expresses in his familys age-old tradition is articulated in the poem Digging: By God, the old man could handle a spade. Just like his old man. He goes on to describe that his grandfather was the finest turf-cutter on Toners bog. His chosen option not to follow rural convention created an entirely diverse world for Heaney. The fact that he went to a boarding school in a city (St. Columbs college) would be enough of a culture shock. There were no kittens being drowned, as described in Early Purges, here. That type of thing was seen as inhumane, but to him, a simple farmers son, it was seen as necessary. That was the type of differentiation he experienced. As I stated earlier, Heaneys poems all relate back to his younger, adolescent life. In the poem Early purges, he describes young kittens being drown on the farm, which was, and still is, quite commonplace in some rural areas of Ireland. Many see this as barbaric, but coming from an Irish, farming family myself, I can understand their reasons for doing this, which Heaney also later realised. His maturity is shown when he says using hindsight And now, when shrill pups are prodded to drown, I just shrug, Bloody pups . That poem was very sad, and I get a feeling of sadness from all his poems at some point. For instance, even in a seemingly happy poem, Blackberry picking, a poem recalling the habitual picking of ripened and inked up berries, the element of the (inevitable, with Heaney) sadness comes where the somewhat foolish children forget about the berries and leave them to rot in the byre, something which happened every year. There is no clearer depiction of an Irish, Catholic background than that found in Half-term break, where Heaney is taken from boarding school to find out his four-year-old brother is dead. The traditional wake is described in this poem, something that is uniquely Irish. He says old men standing up to shake my hand and tell me they were sorry for my trouble'. I have a perfect picture of this in my head as I have been to a few wakes. I can even imagine the whispers circling the room in the colloquial, sharp, Derry accent. After reading through his poems that relate to farming, I get the feeling that he regretted not following the tradition which so many families in the area of rural Northern Ireland had. Although I cannot substantiate this statement with any apparent evidence I think he felt somewhat disloyal to his roots and to his father. The poem Digging, Heaney takes time to intricately describe the way his father digging and cutting turf. The language that Heaney uses is extremely simple and colloquial. The majority of words are only one or two syllable and this makes the writing very accessible and uncomplicated. This is much the same as other pieces by Heaney. This sharp language is typical of the local tongue of Northern Ireland and Derry in particular. Having been to the region several times I cannot only imagine Heaneys style of speaking, but I can picture a farmer Nicking and slicing on the local bog. As said, Heaney tries to carefully convey the picture and the skill of his father. He uses onomatopoeias to appeal to our auditory senses. He also carefully describes his fathers and his grandfathers methods with great knowledge of what they were doing, thus showing his familys tradition being passed down. The first and final sentences are basically the same, with the repetition of Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests, snug as a gun. Heaney then ends with Ill dig with it. I think this means he will make his life out in a different way to his father, instead of using a spade; he will use a pen to make his way. In the poem The Early Purges, Seamus Heaney tries to describe the habitual drowning of small kittens. Again, he tries to use sensory language to appeal more and give the reader a better personal depiction of events. For instance, when describing the kittens, just after their death he quite vividly says, Like wet gloves they bobbed and shone tell he sluiced them out on the dunghill, glossy and dead. He goes onto say watching the three sogged remains turn mealy and crisp as old summer dung. This is very graphic writing, and some could say, quite disturbing. I personally think it adds to the atmosphere of the poem. I think that the up until the final two verses, Heaneys outlook is that of a young boy, who doesnt understand why something so cruel should happen. Heaney then shows his maturity by showing his understanding that the kittens, or pests as they and other such animals were collectively known, basically had to be removed. The language used by Heaney also expresses the fact that little was thought of these so-called nuisances. He says they are slung and Dan Taggart describes them as scraggy wee shits. This shows the way people who owned farms perceived the killings, which was a stark contrast to those in urban communities. Blackberry picking is a poem about Heaney blackberry picking in the late August summer. Once again, Heaney vividly describes what happens, appealing to our senses. He talks about berries inking up and describes the different colours and there texture. The overall look of the poem is he and his accomplices hunting their treasure. He makes references to the famous, murderous pirate, Bluebeard, who killed his wives and had his hands covered in their blood. Our hands were peppered with thorn pricks, our palms sticky as Bluebeards. The poem shows the innocence of childhood, where the centre of attention and prized possessions change so quickly. This is echoed by the fact that after so much anticipation and eagerness to find the berries, they simply forget about them and leave them to go stale, much to Heaneys disappointment when he remembers about them and finds that they have started to rot and smell. Heaney did this for many years in a row as the final sentence says, I always felt like crying. It wasnt fair that all the lovely canfuls smelt of rot. Each year I hoped theyd keep, knew they would not. The final poem, which I am going to analyse, is called Mid-term break which is a sad poem about the death of Seamus Heaneys brother. I find that Heaney reveals very little about his brother (there is no mention of a name), the way he died (there is only a vague mention of a bumper, which might connote he was hit by a car) and his own, private emotions and how hard the death of his brother hit him. I get the Heaney is locking this up deep inside him in this poem. The Irish wake is a big part of this poem and it shows how people react to a death, especially that of someone in their immediate family. For instance Heaney saw a no doubt different side to his father, In the porch I met my father crying he had always taken funerals in his stride. The language used in this poem is quite descriptive, although not as much as the previous poems I covered. Heaney, however, vividly describes the room in which his brother is in, Snowdrops and candles soothed the bedside. He goes on to say, I saw him for the first time in six weeks. Paler now wearing a poppy bruise. I think the poppy reference is to do with the fact that it relates to death, along with the earlier line Counting bells knelling classes to a close, where knell relates to death. As with most of Heaneys poems, the final sentence leaves its mark and stands out more than other lines, No gaudy scars, the bumper knocked him clear. A four-foot box, a foot for every year. This is the only line that rhymes in the entire poem, which I think, brings more emphasis to it.

Compound Plurals

Compound Plurals Compound Plurals Compound Plurals By Maeve Maddox Most English nouns form their plurals by adding -s: boy/boys; house/houses. When the noun is compound, the question sometimes arises as to which word should get the plural ending. In regard to American usage, the Chicago Manual of Style recommends that writers consult Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary for â€Å"tricky† compounds like fathers-in-law, courts-martial, and chefs d’oeuvre, adding, â€Å"For those not listed, common sense can usually provide the answer.† I have a lot of respect for the Chicago Manual of Style, but recommending common sense to determine correct usage seems a bit optimistic. Compound nouns are of three kinds: open, closed, and hyphenated. Not all authorities agree as to which is which or where the plural goes. Open compounds are written as separate words: Grand Jury Knight Templar post office court martial free lunch The principal word in the compound takes the plural: Grand Juries Knights Templar post offices courts martial free lunches Note: According to the OED, court martials is incorrect; M-W gives courts martial as the first plural, but also accepts court martials. Most closed compounds form the plural at the end of the word: toothbrush / toothbrushes haircut / haircuts grasshopper / grasshoppers blackboard / blackboards bedroom / bedrooms BUT, passerby / passersby Like open compounds, hyphenated compound nouns pluralize the principal wordif there is one. The principal word will be a noun. Some compounds have more than one noun; others have none. When the compound has two nouns, common sense will have to tell you which one is the principal word. mother-in-law / mothers-in-law man-of-war / men-of-war merry-go-round / merry-go-rounds (no principal word) forget-me-not / forget-me-nots (no principal word) stand-in / stand-ins (no principal word) Some compounds are hyphenated in the Oxford English Dictionary and written as one word in Merriam-Webster: set-back (OED) setback (M-W) drop-out (OED) dropout (M-W) hold-up (OED) holdup (M-W) half-sister (OED) half sister (M-W) Some speakers have trouble with nouns that end in -ful, puzzling, for example, between cupfuls and cupsful. This is a case in which common sense should probably advise against consulting M-W. Although the M-W entries for cupful, handful, and armful list the plurals cupfuls, handfuls, and armfuls first, they give cupsful, handsful, and armsful as alternative spellings. In addition, the spelling handfull is in there as an â€Å"also.† My American spellchecker does not countenance any of these alternatives. Cupsful doesn’t cut it because compound nouns are made up of two or more words that can be used on their own. For example, the words in the compound policeman can be used separately: â€Å"The man called for the police.† The element ful in cupful is not a word; it’s a suffix. Common sense tells me that cupsful is incorrect. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should KnowHomonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsI wish I were...

Police Corruption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Police Corruption - Research Paper Example Thus, the author recommends more emphasis in fighting police corruption as a way of promoting governance and democracy. Cole, Smith and DeJong (2013) define police corruption as a form of police misconduct aimed at obtaining personal gains, including financial benefits or career advancement in exchange for selective or non-pursuance of an arrest or investigation. These could take the form of bribery and payoffs where police officers would accept money or its equivalent in exchange for some favours and demand payment from an individual in return for services respectively; shakedowns describes attempts by an officer to coerce money or its equivalent from criminals; and mooching which describes acceptance of free gifts from a person in return for favourable treatment to the gift giver (Gaines & Miller, 2013). Just as other values, attitudes and norms toward corruption, Martin (2011) argues that police corruption would be bound by context and hence would vary across cultures. For example , in the West, bribery was a major factor in hiring and posting the police in the past but has ceased to be a major concern nowadays. Survey also indicates visible and pervasive police corruption in developing countries as opposed to developed countries where it would be common among those working undercover rather than among the uniformed and visible officers (Bayley & Perito, 2011). This variation in police corruption would undoubtedly impact on the public regard for the police, particularly on perception of legitimacy. Police corruption remains widely spread throughout the world. In the US, the Knapp Commission found out that the New York Police Department, NYPD not only engaged in these corrupt dealings but had gone a notch higher to commit the crimes themselves (Gaines & Miller, 2013). In the UK, suppression of evidence and tampering of confessional evidence and perjury has been documented in the famous cases of the Guildford Four and the Birmingham Six among many other cases. Organised police corruption has also been uncovered in Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales in Australia. The holds or worsens in the rest of the world with Transparency International ranking the crime top in its corruption index among nine public services (Bayley & Perito, 2011). Effect of Police Corruption According to Bayley and Perito, police corruption has been noted to be â€Å"severely regressive,† affecting majorly the low income earners (2011, p. 2). Aid administrators, diplomats and other varied field personnel argue that police corruption leads to wastage of resources, mockery of justice, undermining security, alienating populations from their governments and slowing down economic development. Neild (2007) reveals obstacles in the fulfilment of the basic objective of the international community objective of establishing the rule of law. Incorporating corruption in the administration of law amounts to denial of equal justice. This undermines fair elections, fair trials, cultural expression, socio-economic opportunities and access to the basics of food, shelter, health and education. With the police being the primary institution for the implementation of society’s law, police corruption hinders the implementation of the rule of law. When the police resort to selling their services profitably, the rule of law gets compromised. Cole et al. (2013) cite three major effects of police corruption

From an environmental perspective discuss the relationship between Research Paper - 2

From an environmental perspective discuss the relationship between Logistics, Operations and the Environment in International Manufacturing Organisations - Research Paper Example The third bottom line is the planet account which is the measure of how responsible the company has been to the environment. Therefore, the triple bottom line consists of profit, planet and people. This is used to measure the financial, social and environmental accomplishments of the company over a specified period. A company that does this is taking into full account the total cost of the operations. These may also be referred to as the three pillars of business (Avella et al, 2010). The basis of this concept is the fact that what a company measures is what the company is likely to direct its attention towards. When the companies measure their social and environmental impacts, they will pay attention to these effects. This is arguably the only way the community will have socially and environmentally responsible organizations. The three pillars of business include the customers, systems and teamwork. Customers are a core aspect considered in the prosperity of a business. They provide the cash flow that sustains businesses. The organization must aim to succeed with its customers so as to succeed as a whole. The motivation of the organisation is to provide the customer with what they want in order to fulfil their needs and perceptions. A good team is created through synergy that is created through trust and working closely together. The executive team in charge should be able to rely on each person in the team. The team members should know their job specifications and fulfil them as expected. The team members should also receive appropriate training following their employment in the organizations on what is expected of them so as to improve efficacy in their work performance. A business should also create specific set ways of doing things and carrying out certain activities which include computer technology , communication and networks. This reduces the time it takes for procedures to be executed. Set