National Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

National Government - Essay Example The Constitution as the supreme law of the land empowers the government to the legal rights to control the operation of the businesses. There has been a rise in government regulation with time. Still, the business community has considerate freedom of action. Understanding the US Government business relations requires acquaintance with the characteristics of the economy itself. The United States has a well-diversified economy with an industrial base. It is a capitalist type of economy with bantam public enterprises and lots of privately owned corporations. The success of the economy is due to control rather than the ownership by the government. These corporations are far-reaching in search for markets, operating in openness, and judicial processes take a center stage in conflict resolution. Great respect is however owed to the existing legal and economic structures (Porter, 3) The government regulation is licensing and permission. Enterprises are required to be registered to start operations. The US also has a large number of corporations who, as a prerequisite, require a charter to commence operations. The same is required for the partnerships and limited liability companies. The policy makers, therefore, monitor the operation of these enterprises. The US economy experienced a total economic change in last three decades. In the 1974 Summit Conference on Inflation, thirty prominent economists made a report to the then President Ford together with the congressmen. The report gave strong recommendations to enhance the economy. These included restructuring pricing and doing away with obsolete legislations that resulted in inefficiency. These policies helped develop and strengthen the banking, transportation, telecommunications and insurance sectors (Porter, 10). In 1789, George Washingtons farewell speech had one important message concerning US foreign policy, "avoid entangling alliances". To some, these words were wise,

A study into the effectiveness on Homeschooling

A study into the effectiveness on Homeschooling In the information age, knowledge is one of the most powerful forces in society. At the same time, home schooling is becoming increasingly prevalent at an amazing rate. As to the function of it, there is a long-running controversial debate. Some people support that home schooling is a popular alternative to traditional educational environment. However, others stand on a very different ground. This phenomenon is often brought into public focus. As we know, home schooling means children are educated at home. Their parents play a significant role in the teaching tasks. They can be seen as the teachers at school. Since the human produced the family, home schooling was generated. The education that all people receive consists of home schooling with school education and social education. Home schooling happens between family members, because of that, home schooling is initially, lasting and it around the people who are educated. Home schooling has a great influence on human beings. To a large extent, this situation is desirable with its many positive aspects. Home schooling affects childrens physiology and psychology. In the physiological aspect, the families provide the material lives of their children. Families influence childrens growth and can establish childrens life habits, and so on. In the psychological aspect, families could guide the personality of their children. The personality, will and character of children are not inborn: they need to be cultivated by their families, especially in the early stage of education and family environment. Families make the greatest impressions of the growth of their children, and also they are initiative and authoritative. Home schooling could develop the confidence of children. Home schooling is different with school education. Home schooling need children just compare with themselves. During the growth of children, no one has the same life, so the parents should take the advantages and disadvantages as a key point in order to their children grow up. School education has a lot of homework. Excessive homework is encroaching on childrens free time and family time, making it difficult for them to engage in activities that are important for their full development (McReynolds 2007). But home schooling doesnt have homework. Children can do anything what they want to do in the free time. On the other hand, some countries offer some conveniences for home schooling. For example, Canadas government provides all the courses for the different levels of students, so the parents could use these materials to teach their children. Even though these students do not go to school, they still can send their homework to the school office to examine and their results will be kept in the files. The government also takes charge of these students. These students could take part in any public examination and the results will be admitted. Moreover, the most important is the university will acknowledge the results of home schooling. However, some people hold a different attitude, arguing that school education is better than home schooling. Firstly, in the objective of education, school education clearly reflects the requirement of students, and school education is scientific, clear and explicit. Because of that, the purpose of education is always subjective. Secondly, the comparing with the system, school education has its own organization and financial support. The school education has relatively independent system. And it can keep the stability and persistence of education. Nevertheless home schooling cannot achieve that. Thirdly, school education has strong to sense of organization, and home schooling is unable to do that. The comparing school education and home schooling, school education has wider range than home schooling. The students in the school can meet different people from the same age, and they should know how to communicate with each other so as to improve their social skills. However, the students just talk with the people they know in home schooling, they cannot develop their social skills and they might be become unsociable. It is a process that the children grow to an adult. There is a vital feature of process, which could not develop without communicate with companion. Even an excellent adult cannot replace the impact of companionship. Many people presume that a homeschooled child is unhealthily sequestered at home, away from normal social interaction in the broader community (Carlson 2009). Someone may say that the internet is increasing rapidly and home schooling will not have any barriers. It is not true because the internet cannot displace face to face communication, particularly the education of children is active and visualized. It cannot be replaced by machines. Even if the family environment is very good, students cannot realize these experiences when they are in school. School education is more interesting than home schooling. Meanwhile, the school is like a little social, that help children grow up and their abilities can be tested. The abilities and senses of the students are difficult to develop when they graduate from the schools. In my opinion, school education is the education of scientific culture, while home schooling is the education of the life value. To compare both of them, I think home schooling is more effective than school education. A person who does not have a positive outlook on life, on the world and on value, they will not bring benefit to the society. Even if they have scientific culture, they might bring harm to society. For example, some terrorists have high intelligence and are ability to create missiles, this behavior could harm the safety of society. All in all, I admit home schooling also brings disadvantages. For example, home schooling doesnt have its own organization and financial support. But in many aspects, its merits obviously outweigh its drawbacks.

Revelations of Mans Dark Self in Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness lighthod

Heart of Darkness: Revelations of Man's Dark Self  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In Joseph Conrad's book Heart of Darkness the Europeans are cut off from civilization, overtaken by greed, exploitation, and material interests from his own kind.   Conrad develops themes of personal power, individual responsibility, and social justice.   His book has all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale - mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, unexpected attack.   The book is a record of things seen and done by Conrad while in the Belgian Congo.   Conrad uses Marlow, the main character in the book, as a narrator so he himself can enter the story and tell it out of his own philosophical mind.   Conrad's voyages to the Atlantic and Pacific, and the coasts of Seas of the East brought contrasts of novelty and exotic discovery.   By the time Conrad took his harrowing journey into the Congo in 1890, reality had become unconditional.   The African venture figured as his descent into hell.   He returned ravaged by the illness and mental disruption wh ich undermined his health for the remaining years of his life.   Marlow's journey into the Congo, like Conrad's journey, was also meaningful.   Marlow experienced the violent threat of nature, the insensibility of reality, and the moral darkness.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We have noticed that important motives in Heart of Darkness connect the white men with the Africans.   Conrad knew that the white men who come to Africa professing to bring progress and light to "darkest Africa" have themselves been deprived of the sanctions of their European social orders; they also have been alienated from the old tribal ways.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Thrown upon their own inner spiritual resources they may be utterly damned by their greed, their sloth, and their hypocrisy into moral insignificance, as were the pilgrims, or they may be so corrupt by their absolute power over the Africans that some Marlow will need to lay their memory among the 'dead Cats of Civilization.'" (Conrad 105.) The supposed purpose of the Europeans traveling into Africa was to civilize the natives.   Instead they colonized on the native's land and corrupted the natives.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Africans bound with thongs that contracted in the rain and cut to the bone, had their swollen hands beaten with rifle butts until they fell off.   Chained slaves were forced to drink the white man's defecation, hands and feet were chopped off for their rings, men were lined up behind each other and shot with one cartridge , wounded prisoners were eaten by maggots till they die and were then thrown to starving dogs or devoured by cannibal tribes. Revelations of Man's Dark Self in Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness lighthod Heart of Darkness: Revelations of Man's Dark Self  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In Joseph Conrad's book Heart of Darkness the Europeans are cut off from civilization, overtaken by greed, exploitation, and material interests from his own kind.   Conrad develops themes of personal power, individual responsibility, and social justice.   His book has all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale - mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, unexpected attack.   The book is a record of things seen and done by Conrad while in the Belgian Congo.   Conrad uses Marlow, the main character in the book, as a narrator so he himself can enter the story and tell it out of his own philosophical mind.   Conrad's voyages to the Atlantic and Pacific, and the coasts of Seas of the East brought contrasts of novelty and exotic discovery.   By the time Conrad took his harrowing journey into the Congo in 1890, reality had become unconditional.   The African venture figured as his descent into hell.   He returned ravaged by the illness and mental disruption wh ich undermined his health for the remaining years of his life.   Marlow's journey into the Congo, like Conrad's journey, was also meaningful.   Marlow experienced the violent threat of nature, the insensibility of reality, and the moral darkness.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We have noticed that important motives in Heart of Darkness connect the white men with the Africans.   Conrad knew that the white men who come to Africa professing to bring progress and light to "darkest Africa" have themselves been deprived of the sanctions of their European social orders; they also have been alienated from the old tribal ways.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Thrown upon their own inner spiritual resources they may be utterly damned by their greed, their sloth, and their hypocrisy into moral insignificance, as were the pilgrims, or they may be so corrupt by their absolute power over the Africans that some Marlow will need to lay their memory among the 'dead Cats of Civilization.'" (Conrad 105.) The supposed purpose of the Europeans traveling into Africa was to civilize the natives.   Instead they colonized on the native's land and corrupted the natives.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Africans bound with thongs that contracted in the rain and cut to the bone, had their swollen hands beaten with rifle butts until they fell off.   Chained slaves were forced to drink the white man's defecation, hands and feet were chopped off for their rings, men were lined up behind each other and shot with one cartridge , wounded prisoners were eaten by maggots till they die and were then thrown to starving dogs or devoured by cannibal tribes.

Anatomy And Physiology Of The Affected System

The powerful heart muscle requires a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood to nourish it. The coronary arteries provide the heart with this critical circulatory 24/7 blood supply. Without adequate and consistent blood, the heart becomes starved of oxygen and vital nutrients it requires to work properly and efficiently.   Coronary artery disease or Atherosclerosis occurs when the arteries become clogged and narrowed, restricting blood flow to the heart. (Heart Attack, 2006)   â€Å"The main myocardial infarction causal effects under investigation include blood pressure, hypertension, the use of antihypertensive and/or cardiovascular medication and angina pectoris.† (Caroline B. Ameling et al. 2002, p. 307)Pathology Of The DiseaseThe arteries leading to the heart become narrow and blood cannot flow consistently and evenly. Fatty matter, calcium, proteins and inflammatory cells build up within the arteries to form plaques of different sizes and irregular shapes. The plaque dep osits are hard on the outside and soft and mushy on the inside.When the plaque's deposits harden, the outer shell cracks (plaque rupture) and platelets (disc-shaped particles in the blood that aid clotting) arrive at the heart area, and blood clots form around the plaque. When the blood clot completely blocks or inhibits the artery, the heart muscle and tissue is rapidly depleted of oxygen. Within a short time, damage of the heart muscle cells occurs, causing permanent impairment. The end result, in medical terms is a myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack.   â€Å"While it is unusual, a heart attack can also be caused by a spasm of a coronary artery. During coronary spasm, the coronary arteries restrict or spasm on and off, reducing blood supply to the heart muscle (ischemia).† (Heart Attack, 2006)Current Treatment OptionsImmediate treatment options include supplemental oxygen therapy, however it is the only form of treatment that improves survival in hypoxemic patien ts, no clear relationship exists between improved survival and reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance with oxygen therapy. (Susan Wilansky et al. 2002, p. 629)   Individuals with angina or chronic chest pains can take nitroglycerin pills to cause the pain to disappear. Because angina patients often have chest pains, the key heart attack symptoms may be lightheadedness, sweating, nausea, or shortness of breath, in addition to chest pain. (Christopher Wanjek, 2003, p. 242)For long term treatment at a hospital, individuals are taken to the cardiac catheterization lab where a doctor will evaluate the coronary arteries to determine whether angioplasty or coronary artery bypass graft surgery is appropriate.Patient EducationThe traditional approach to patient education interventions requires a health educator to meet with patients individually or to provide lectures. Some educational approaches appear to be cost-effective has shown that education programs emphasizing self-management of one's health and prevention strategies are effective in increasing patients' self-efficacy and health status. â€Å"Therefore it appears important to measure any changes in self-efficacy and helplessness that may result from either education and/or social support interventions. Such measures make it possible to evaluate the sense of control over health decisions and outcomes that has been associated with health status and health care costs.† (Terry A. Cronan et al. 2000, p. 455)Community referral sourcesAmerican College of Cardiology, 9111 Old Georgetown Road Bethesda, MD   20814-699 Phone:   1-800-253-4636, extension 694WomenHeart: The National Coalition for Women With Heart Disease 818 18th Street, N.W. Suite 230 Washington, DC   20006 Phone:   (202) 728-7199American Heart Association (AHA)   7272 Greenville Avenue Dallas, TX   75231 Phone:   1-800-AHA-USA1 (1-800-242-8721) Web Address:   http://www.americanheart.orgPreventionTension and anxiety were foun d to be good predictors of disease and mortality even when other risk factors were controlled. More recently, it has been prospectively shown that earlier measures of anxiety were significantly related to the development of atherosclerosis disease. (Stanley Chin et al. 2004, p. 63)Preventive life choice behavior modification includes stop smoking, controlling cholesterol through a healthy diet, managing blood pressure with exercise, relaxing and reducing stress by managing depression and anger.Reference(s)Caroline B. Ameling, Hendriek C. Boshuizen, Augustinus E.M. De Hollander, Hanneke Kruize, Brigit A.M. Staatsen, Elise E.M.M. Van Kempen, 2002, The Association between Noise Exposure and Blood Pressure and Ischemic Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Journal Title: Environmental Health Perspectives. Volume: 110. Issue: 3. Publication Year:. Page Number: 307+. COPYRIGHT 2002 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences;http://www.webmd.com/hw/heart_disease/tx2300-ConRes.asp   He art Attack and Unstable Angina Retrieved December 28, 2006Jiang He, Gail T. Louis, Paul K. Whelton, 2003, Lifestyle Modification for the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension. Publisher: Marcel Dekker. Place of Publication: New York. Page Number: 278.Susan Wilansky, James T. Willerson, 2002, Heart Disease in Women. Publisher: Churchill Livingstone. Place of Publication: New York. Page Number: 629.Christopher Wanjek, 2003, Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O. Publisher: Wiley. Place of Publication: New York. Page Number: 242.Terry A. Cronan, Erik J. Groessl, 2000, A Cost Analysis of Self-Management Programs for People with Chronic Illness Journal Title: American Journal of Community Psychology. Volume: 28. Issue: 4. Page Number: 455. COPYRIGHT 2000 Plenum Publishing Corporation;

Comparative Religions Project Essay Essay

The encounters between the Islam and Christian religions were always violent towards each other. Even from the beginning both of these religions used violence and conversion, making them two religions that wouldn’t mix well. Their first encounters were very aggressive, but Islam with more violence toward Christianity and better connection to the political world had always seemed to come out on top. Then ruling over the Christian believers, they would outlaw certain practices of their religion and give them much higher taxes. Thus forcing many true Christians to converse over to the Islam religion just because they couldn’t take it anymore. In the year 1008 al-Hakim outlawed the celebrations of Palm Sunday, and the following year he ordered that Christians be punished and all their property confiscated. In that same year, he demolished multiple Christian churches all around the city. This was not it, al-Hakim also managed to destroy the Constantinian basilica of the Resurrection in Jerusalem, known as the Holy Sepulcher. Records say that he said in quote: â€Å"to obliterate ant symbol of Christian faith, and provide for the removal of every reliquary and object of veneration.† As Christianity began to spread the stronger and more popular it became. With this religion being North America’s number one, Muslims had a harder time keeping in charge. One thing that didn’t change though was the Islam’s need for violence. As Christianity spread they never stopped trying to sabotage their religion. Now technology starts to play a part in their war for religion, Muslims give up their lives using the violence that has not yet gone away. And not only are these conflicts uprising from where they originally came from, as the religions spread so did the conflict with them. Today there still are existing conflicts between Christianity and Islam, but not as much as there were in history. Muslims don’t have much control over Christians as they used to, now after 9/11 we are more controlling them. Muslims are more keeping their distance away from the Christians not only because this Christianity was growing but also because of things like Hollywood and television. This causes Muslims to stay away because they see them as immoral, corrupt and decadent. Muslim women will say they are wearing their veils as a form of protection and a refusal to be caught up in fashion, which they see as a way of using women. The history of these two religions was not accepting, and both felt the need to use violence and conversion against each other. Both Christianity and Islam felt the need to be number one and have power over the other, or even completely wiping the other religion out. As time continued on so did they, still many conflicts arise and choosing violence and war as the way out. New and more advanced technologies came to be an option for more destruction and the Muslims chose to use them against the Christians who fought back then yet another war has started. The Christians who were pushed around in the beginning, aren’t so vulnerable anymore now that they have become the most common religion all over the world.

Vitis Vinifera essays

Vitis Vinifera essays Vitis vinifera, better known as grapevine or wine grapes, is native to Asia Minor where wild grapes still grow. V. Vinifera is commonly cultured for fruit, eaten fresh or processed into wine, raisins, or juice. Over 8,000 cultivars are listed, most of them having been selected for a specific region and purpose. Cultures are mainly limited to the Northern Hemisphere. In United States this grape is grown in California and Arizona, and will not tolerate the cold winters and humid summers of eastern United States. Requirements are for long, warm to hot dry summers and mild winters. Plant damage occurs at -18C; frost kills young shoots. Daily mean temperature should be at least 18C. This species will not endure the high temperatures coupled with high humidity of tropics. Thus grapes are unsuitable to humid, steamy, hot tropics, as they need a cold period for resting and a dry sunshine climate for ripening fruit. However Vitis vinifera has been identified in some tropic conditions includ ing Sri Lanka, Trinidad Forms of V. Vinifera date as far back as 4000 B.C. where forms of the wild were already being selected and in cultivation in the Middle East. Ancient Egyptian records from 2500 B.C. mention the use of grapes for wine making. The Old Testament references to wine confirm this early origin and the significance of the wine industry in the Middle East. The familiarity of grape vines can be seen in both physical and metaphorical references to the 'vine'. The Greeks had an active wine trade and planted grapes in their colonies throughout the Mediterranean region. The Romans brought grape growing into the valleys of the Germany and France. The need for Wine in the Christian mass continued this wine-growing tradition after the fall of the Roman Empire, monastic orders preserving and developing many of the highly regarded wine-producing areas. ...

elements of music Sonata essays

elements of music Sonata essays In the late 1700's and early 1800's the Baroque period gave way to the classical era, introducing many revolutionary new scientific discoveries and theories. This drastically changed the peoples social views and brought on the "age of enlightenment." With this change in social philosophy came changes in musical trends. One of the most important new trends of the time was a more common use of the sonata. During the Classical era, the sonata evolved into a more restricted role, and in doing so, embodied the new style of musical form for the time. The sonata originated in Italy and gradually gained popularity over the rest of Europe. During the Baroque period the sonata was composed of several dance movements, however, in the Classical era it changed to a fast-slow style movement, with each movement composed in one of four forms popular during the Classical period. These forms consisted of sonata-allegro, rondo, ternary, and theme and variations. Through history many characteristics of the sonata have remained unchanged; "most sonatas have been instrumental music, without voice parts, absolute music without program; concert or divisional music, without social function; solo or chamber music for one to four players, without or multiple performance of the parts; cyclic music, in two to four movements rather than one; and broadly conceived music, exhibiting some of the most extended designs of absolute music"(Newman 479). The sonata was played by, and written for, amateur musicians who "practiced and performed for polite societ y in the comfort of their own homes"(Wright 196). The sonata is a type of chamber music, that gained popularity during the classical era. Sonata translates as, "something played" as opposed to it close cousin, the cantata, which means "something sung". It was also during this time that the keyboard sonata evolved from harpsichord and clavichord and finally, to the piano (Newman 485). During 1830s the popularity o...

25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay

25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay 25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay 25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay By Daniel Scocco Several DailyWritingTips.com posts have focused on, for example, phenomena and ideas named after people, and concepts or objects identified by the names of historical figures. This entry specifically suggests mythological, literary, and historical eponyms that may inspire you to employ such terms in fiction writing as cloaked allusions to characters or things. Think of these examples and others as akin to puns: A law firm named Bowler, Derby, Fedora, Stetson, and Trilby. (Maybe these will be names of characters in the upcoming film version of Lidsville, the early- ’70s Saturday-morning TV show about a land of sentient hats.) A star-crossed couple named Jeremiah, namesake of a pessimistic prophet from the Bible, and Cassandra, named after the Trojan woman blessed with the gift of prophecy but fated never to be believed. A maid named Abigail. (In Victorian England, house servants were routinely stripped of their birth names and assigned ones considered more pleasant for their employers to utter, and Abigail was a common moniker for a housemaid.) A vigilant or nosy neighbor named Argus, the name of the many-eyed monster of Greek mythology. A heavily burdened character named Atlas, after the Titan in Greek mythology charged with holding up the heavens. A place called the Augean Stables, named after the fabled stables of Augeas, the cleaning of which constituted one of the legendary twelve labors of Hercules. A spy’s contact code-named Baedeker, after the name of the popular guidebook series, or Cicerone, after a word for a sightseeing guide (in turn named after the Roman orator and statesman Cicero). A loud woman who’s always letting off steam named Calliope, after the strident steam-whistle instrument named in honor of the Greek muse of epic poetry. A tormented woman named Catherine Wheeler, named after the Catherine wheel, a rotating fireworks wheel in turn inspired by a Catholic saint tortured on a wheel. An elusive woman named Fata Morgana (or, more subtly, Morgan Fate), after the mirage phenomenon named for the Italian translation of the name of Arthurian sorceress Morgan le Fay (â€Å"fairy,† or â€Å"magician†). An extremely attractive person named Mickey Finn, after a slang term for a drugged drink. (The active ingredient is sometimes called â€Å"knockout drops.†) A ruminative character named Fletcher, after the health food faddist notorious for prescribing a quantifiable amount of chewing while eating. An energizing character named Galvani, after the scientist who studied the stimulating effects of electricity. A hapless company called Gordian Inc., named for the knot that could not be untied. (Alexander the Great reportedly solved the problem by severing the knot with his sword.) An unhelpful character named Hobson, after the stable owner who hired out any horse a customer wanted, as long as the one selected was next in line to be used (hence the oxymoronic expression â€Å"Hobson’s choice†). An arbiter named Hoyle, after the eponymous author of rules for card games (hence the nearly extinct expression â€Å"according to Hoyle†). A race car driver or reckless motorist named Jehu (after the biblical king of that name notorious for his wild charioteering). A drink named the Molotov cocktail, after the nickname for the bomb made from a bottle filled with inflammable liquid and ignited with a wick. (The bomb is in turn named after a Russian Communist politician.) An impostor named Pinchbeck, after the watchmaker whose created an inexpensive alloy resembling gold. Hundreds of eponyms are available for enlivening satirical or otherwise humorous prose. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. Had15 Great Word GamesHow to Punctuate Introductory Phrases

Slavery in the United States Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Slavery in the United States - Research Paper Example In 1612 English planter John Rolfe who settled in Jamestown, Virginia was credited with successfully cultivating tobacco as an export crop in Virginia. Earlier English settlers did not like the taste of the tobacco grown there. In order to improve the taste Rolfe crossed the breed from Trinidad which had a sweeter taste with the Virginia tobacco to produce a plant that took well to the local soil. Rolfe was the first to cultivate these plants in North America and its export resulted in a boost of the Virginia colony’s economy. The popularity of tobacco in England and the available land in the Virginia colony led to plantations all over Virginia. Tobacco crops could best grow on extensive farmland. Growers constantly needed additional labor. Colonial leaders wanted indentured servants. That included â€Å"20 and some odd Negroes† brought to Virginia by a Dutch ship in 1619.† Blacks had been captured in Africa and were sold at auction in Jamestown. There have been c onflicting accounts indicating how the first blacks in America were treated. â€Å"The status of the first blacks in the New World remains somewhat mysterious, and any thesis about the change in black status generates sharp controversy.† ... e were many black indentured servants in Virginia and Maryland during the much of the 1600’s there was also enough white indentured servants that were able to work the plantations in those and other colonies. However during the 1660’s the supply of white servants declined due to the declining birth rate in England. This decline resulted in increased wages for the English so many chose to remain there. In order to make up for this loss planters in the Chesapeake region would get enslaved Africans to work their plantations.4 (Slavery Takes Root in Colonial Virginia). The number of slaves would increase in these colonies as years passed. In the 1660’s slavery spread quickly throughout the colonies. There were more slaves in the South where large plantations grew cotton and other crops. Initially there were no clear laws regarding slaves and some black and white slaves were given freedom after several years. During this time the American colonies passed laws that sti pulated relationships between slaves. One of these laws forbade intermarriage between white colonists and black slaves. Another law indicated that black slaves and the offspring of female slaves would be enslaved for the rest of their lives. These laws were known as slave codes. Under the slave codes slaves were also not allowed to own weapons, get an education, they needed permission from their masters if they wanted to move, and were prevented from testifying against whites in court. (Becker) Slaves on small farms had more freedom than plantation slaves. â€Å"This premise, combined with the natural population growth among the slaves, meant that slavery could survive and grow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Becker 1660 section) Some reasons why Africans were chosen as slaves was because that more miners were needed, the

Conflict, Decision Making, and Organizational Design Research Paper - 1

Conflict, Decision Making, and Organizational Design - Research Paper Example However, due to certain physiological issues, the communication gap between the employees may increase, thus leading to a more complex situation (Bruce, 2003). According to Harris (2001), â€Å"decision making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and the preferences of the decision maker.† In other words, the decision maker has the privilege to choose from the numerous alternatives that he/she thinks is suitable according to the situation. As stated by Galbraith, Downey, & Kates (2002), organizational design is referred to as the continuous process of congregating people practices, reward systems, and structure of the organization for developing the capabilities of achieving the strategies required for the business. Thus, it can be recognized. The effective design of an organization is a significant part in ensuring that organizational goals and strategies are met. In this paper, the three key issues, i.e. conflict, decision making, and org anizational design will be discussed in context of the Field Support Directorate (FSD) of the United States Army Software Engineer Center. These issues will be identified and negotiation strategies will be applied to addressing the conflicts. Moreover, the process of applying of evidence-based management will be determined. Apart from these, the stages and the methods of decision making will be analyzed and recommended to the employer of FSD to follow. Last but not the least, the environmental and strategic factors that affect the organizational design will be discussed and analyzed. Process of Applying Negotiation Strategies to Address Potential Conflict in FSD As stated by Rahwan, McBurney & Sonenberg (2003), negotiation is the interaction between a group of people, with an aspiration to cooperate with the possible contradictory interests that tend to facilitate in reaching a mutually approved and acceptable division of limited resources. In other words, negotiation regarding solv ing a conflict often leads to sacrifices done by both parties involved in the conflict (Rahwan, McBurney, & Sonenberg, 2003). According to Cloke & Goldsmith (2005), conflict resolution’s definition is similar to the definition of success which is described by Winston Churchill as â€Å"the process from failure to failure with undiminished enthusiasm†. Similarly, conflict resolution always begins and remains at an endpoint until a distinguished reason or a solution and resolution become possible. Thus, the author further suggests that learning references should be followed to gain problem solving knowledge and to explore in-depth reasons for resistance, to understand the process of mediation and to redesign organizational cultures, systems, and structures. Thus, the processes will help to discourage suppression of the conflict and to encourage avoidance and resolution (Cloke & Goldsmith, 2005). The Field Support Directorate (FSD) provides a software support structure to the operations center that is one of the decisive links between the field support personnel, Warfighter, and software maintenance facility. The FSD’s role is to resolve any issue concerning the software labs by providing rapid solution to any unit concerns. The department is divided and mapped with various other departments to work closely with all the units and the CECOM Senior Command Representatives to provide resolutions to

Business Strategy and Policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Strategy and Policy - Case Study Example ents are readily available, a majority of those afflicted with the disease go untreated because health insurance companies refuse to pay at all or just part a certain percentage (Walters & Rotgers, 2012).  This makes some of the victims to end up being homeless, while others may die an early death in response to a missed opportunity for treatment due to the health insurance companies’ neglect and discrimination on the issue (Walters & Rotgers, 2012).   Substance abuse comprises of two main types of addictions namely drug addiction and alcoholism.   Drug addiction refers to the dependence on a street drug or on an over the counter medication while alcoholism is the dependence on alcohol. In this context, alcohol is referred to as a drug since it fits the description of a drug, which is defined as any substance that alters normal human homeostasis.   Once an individual is addicted to a substance, he or she cannot avoid using it irrespective of their desires to stop the habit because of the harm it might be causing to them. The American Medical Association (AMA) defines drug addiction and alcoholism as some of the major lifestyle diseases in the 21st century that may be a result of genetics, environment, or upbringing. There are numerous approaches that are applied in administering substance abuse treatment. However, some of these treatment methods are ineffective because they neglect not only the substance abuse dependency but also other causative factors such as comorbid mental illness and or any previous traumatic events that may have occurred in the individuals past that may have contributed to the substance abuse. Applications of such ineffective strategies leave substance abuse victims still struggling to maintain sobriety and have a successful life with stability and security in all aspects. An effective substance abuse treatment in individuals with any other causative factors must be inclusive of all factors and illnesses to be effective not only

Curriculum Development and teaching strategies for gifted learners Essay

Curriculum Development and teaching strategies for gifted learners - Essay Example Students who excelled in special education programs were, according to Persson, Joswog and Balogh (1997), once again, separated from their above average co-learners and placed in programs designed for geniuses. The intent of this program was not simply the realization of gifted learners’ full potential but the development of future leaders. The historical introduction offered in the preceding highlights a long-standing acknowledgement of the importance of designing special education programs which address the mental capacities, abilities and talents of gifted learners and function to both enable and guide them towards the realisation of their potential. Integral to the realization of potential of gifted students is, of course, curriculum and learning strategies. Within the context of the stated, therefore, curriculum development and learning strategies for gifted students assume unique importance and, accordingly, have been the focus of numerous research and studies. This paper shall review a number of these studies for the purpose of evaluating the variant curriculum development and learning strategies for gifted students. In his analysis of gifted learners’ educational requirements, Shore (1988) argued that without a curriculum which is designed in response to their needs, the full potential of gifted learners will never be truly realized. Even while conceding that prerequisite to the design of such a curricular is the careful and critical evaluation of individual learner requirements and, possibly, the design of differentiated curricula within the context of a more general curricular framework, Shore (1988) defended his approach to curriculum development as optimally suited to the needs of individual gifted learners. The development/design of a differentiated gifted learner curriculum is a complex undertaking insofar as it involves the design of both general and specific curricula.

The Feminist Critique and the Postmodern Challenge to Anthropology Essay

The Feminist Critique and the Postmodern Challenge to Anthropology - Essay Example Feminism, as an ideal, is the collection of movements, associations, groupings and or establishments that aim at defending, defining and establishing equality in the spheres of social rights, politics and the economy; this pertaining to women. In addition, the ideal promotes the creation and provision of equal opportunities for women in both education and also in employment. Thus, a feminist is a person who’s behavioral and belief systems are based on the ideal of feminism (Fruzzetti 39). From the afore-mentioned feminist movements, associations and groupings emerged the Feminist theory, which aimed at understanding the causes and reasons for the presence of gender inequality. This understanding was based on the examination of women lived experiences and social roles throughout history and into the contemporary 21st Century. From it emerged different theories that touched on a variety of disciplines; this so as to respond and subsequently address issues such as the social cons truct of gender and sex. Some earlier forms of the theory received criticism for their taking into consideration only educated, white middle-class perspectives. As a result, of this criticism, was the creation of multi-culturalist and/ or ethnically-specific forms of the theory (Cott 73). Feminists campaign on the platform of ‘Women’s Rights’ – bodily integrity, reproductive rights (including access to abortion and contraceptives), women’s suffrage, equal pay, right to property and entry into contracts (contract law), and also voting. They seek to protect girls and women from domestic violence, sexual assaults and harassments among other violations. Due to its radical nature, this ideal has attracted its share of both criticism and blessings; this in the form of pro-feminism and anti-feminism ideologies. Feminism and Anthropology As a result of the feminist critique to anthropology, the approach – Feminist anthropology – emerged. It so ught to study cultural anthropology and correct the perceived andro-centric bias within the field. Its origin can be traced to early anthropologists such as E.E. Evans-Pritchard and James Frazer, who both displayed much interest in the notions of marriage and kinship. Women would thus, always appear in their ethnographies. Henrietta Moore, who is a prominent theorist in (the school of thought of) feminist anthropology, though of the opinion that women had been included in anthropological research and theory, was of the view that the problem was not the presence of women in anthropology, but in its representation, interpretation and understanding (Bratton10). According to her, it is how women are included in anthropology that matters. Thus, the challenge, then, was to avail new critical analysis on the existing anthropological literature, including creation of new research that placed the ‘Woman’ in the centre of it. This led to the emergence of self-conscious feminist a nthropology in the 1970s; this as a series of challenges to the male-dominated and biased anthropology. Rayna Rapp, in her work - Toward an Anthropology of Women (1975), was one of the earliest contributors to this emerging school. She argued that women and men experience gender differently; this in reference to the myriad of social markers. The experiences of women were in themselves a legitimate subject for

Narrative Exposition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Narrative Exposition - Essay Example ds every single day, without knowing how much force they had in his life; simple things like taking the bus to work or to the library, cleaning up the dishes at home, everything was done in a very mundane manner because he was getting very bored with living his life. He wanted something new to be offered to him without realizing that only he could make the difference. Academics was something that his parents put a great deal of pressure upon; they had invested a great amount of money for the purpose of John’s education and thus wanted him to excel more than he personally wanted to. John was never good in studies, but he always spent time trying to make his parents happy by trying his best to get good grades. The high school he attended had a number of clubs and associations attached with its prestigious name and as students John and his friends were always encouraged to be a part of them. One fine day, an announcement was made regarding the elimination of a few clubs that did not have many members or donations to remain as part of the school and had to be scrapped off the list because of the decisions taken by a few faculty members who did not have time to invest in the same. This was a social service unit that did not have too many students as a part of it and thus the student body always urged students to join. The main aim of the club w as to help the special children or differently-abled children that lived in and around parts of the city. However, the club was never able to attract a lot of attention towards itself because not everyone wanted to become a part of a social unit designed for the welfare of differently-abled children. A few days later upon looking at the notice of this club, John and his friends went to a nearby cafe to spend some time and as they were happily sipping their lattes, John’s eyes happened to glance over a child on the street; the child seemed helpless and restless and his mother was scolding him. They entered the cafe and

The Feminist Critique and the Postmodern Challenge to Anthropology Essay

The Feminist Critique and the Postmodern Challenge to Anthropology - Essay Example Feminism, as an ideal, is the collection of movements, associations, groupings and or establishments that aim at defending, defining and establishing equality in the spheres of social rights, politics and the economy; this pertaining to women. In addition, the ideal promotes the creation and provision of equal opportunities for women in both education and also in employment. Thus, a feminist is a person who’s behavioral and belief systems are based on the ideal of feminism (Fruzzetti 39). From the afore-mentioned feminist movements, associations and groupings emerged the Feminist theory, which aimed at understanding the causes and reasons for the presence of gender inequality. This understanding was based on the examination of women lived experiences and social roles throughout history and into the contemporary 21st Century. From it emerged different theories that touched on a variety of disciplines; this so as to respond and subsequently address issues such as the social cons truct of gender and sex. Some earlier forms of the theory received criticism for their taking into consideration only educated, white middle-class perspectives. As a result, of this criticism, was the creation of multi-culturalist and/ or ethnically-specific forms of the theory (Cott 73). Feminists campaign on the platform of ‘Women’s Rights’ – bodily integrity, reproductive rights (including access to abortion and contraceptives), women’s suffrage, equal pay, right to property and entry into contracts (contract law), and also voting. They seek to protect girls and women from domestic violence, sexual assaults and harassments among other violations. Due to its radical nature, this ideal has attracted its share of both criticism and blessings; this in the form of pro-feminism and anti-feminism ideologies. Feminism and Anthropology As a result of the feminist critique to anthropology, the approach – Feminist anthropology – emerged. It so ught to study cultural anthropology and correct the perceived andro-centric bias within the field. Its origin can be traced to early anthropologists such as E.E. Evans-Pritchard and James Frazer, who both displayed much interest in the notions of marriage and kinship. Women would thus, always appear in their ethnographies. Henrietta Moore, who is a prominent theorist in (the school of thought of) feminist anthropology, though of the opinion that women had been included in anthropological research and theory, was of the view that the problem was not the presence of women in anthropology, but in its representation, interpretation and understanding (Bratton10). According to her, it is how women are included in anthropology that matters. Thus, the challenge, then, was to avail new critical analysis on the existing anthropological literature, including creation of new research that placed the ‘Woman’ in the centre of it. This led to the emergence of self-conscious feminist a nthropology in the 1970s; this as a series of challenges to the male-dominated and biased anthropology. Rayna Rapp, in her work - Toward an Anthropology of Women (1975), was one of the earliest contributors to this emerging school. She argued that women and men experience gender differently; this in reference to the myriad of social markers. The experiences of women were in themselves a legitimate subject for

Malaysian Airlines corporate strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Malaysian Airlines corporate strategy - Essay Example The paper tells that facing a tough economic environment, strong rivals and governmental interventions, Malaysian Airlines is facing a situation where it is fighting to remain operational. Low cost operators are developing different capabilities in their operations that are leading to a competitive advantage for them. Industry wide standards are evolving so rapidly that it is becoming difficult for airlines who have massive operational scale to adapt there processes to theses changes in a small period of time. In these times company has to thoroughly scrutinize its business processes to tighten up cost and in effect maintain those margins that allow it to remain competitive in the industry. However, there is a limit to this measure and therefore company has to explore other options. Malaysian Airline has been facing serious threats from the low cost competitors. The competitors are trying to capture the market share of Malaysian by using different low cost strategies. Low cost strate gies allow the organization to create a cost leadership and impose serious competitive challenges for other organizations. In this particular case study, the competitors of Malaysian airline are offering heavily discounted seats in core markets, this in turn allows them to influence demand and set new standards in the market. Apart from this, another competitive action taken by the low cost competitors is of E-ticketing, since it’s a onetime cost which allows the airline to avoid cuts or commissions of different parties, who were involved with booking tickets for example agencies, queues and staff. Another factor which has allowed the competitors to offer services at relatively low cost is the low cost airports. This has tremendously reduced their cost and is one of the reasons for them to offer such low fares. The competitors are able to attain and maintain zero accommodation cost for airline staff. This has become possible because the operations of these competitors are des igned in such a manner that they do not require their cockpit staff to spend a night at a hotel after the flight. The staff comes back home immediately on the next flight. Code sharing has also allowed them to keep their expenses low. Lastly, these competitors have implemented performance linked compensation i.e. these companies have tied their compensation with the performance of the airline employees, giving them an incentive to keep performing exceptionally. Impact of the Actions of Competitors on Malaysian Airline: The strategies and actions implemented by the low cost competitors have some serious impact on the Malaysian airline. The airline has been forced to offer better service standards. Obviously, this measure would require the airline to incur more cost. Low cost airline has set a new benchmark for operations; these latest operations require airlines to cut every ounce of unnecessary cost, thereby squeezing capital expenditure. Low cost competitors due to their smooth ope rations have set fares prices so low that it has caused big airlines with massive operation to explore ways to lower their fares. Due to their massive scale, such airliners are facing difficulty to offer competitive rates. Since low cost operators charge such a low cost on domestic flights, it has put pressure on airlines like Malaysian airline to increase the passenger load on domestic flight in order to keep domestic services operational. Low cost flight carriers are now moving towards countries and regions liken ASEAN, China and India, thereby attacking the most probable markets for big airlines like Malaysian Airlines. Probable Actions for Malaysian Airline: Malaysian Airline has to take several measures and steps in order to overcome the increasing competitive pressure by the low cost competitors. The company can take measures in order to facilitate the process of downscaling unproductive operations for example certain domestic or regional flights. Apart from this the company c an also follow the Airline BTP2 manual

Qualities of Successful Women

Qualities of Successful Women Introduction The contribution of women in the development of the countries has been significant the world over during the last hundred years. In India, women are playing a major part in the economic development during the last four decades. The Indian women have gradually entered in all the spheres and there is no sector where they are lagging behind. BFSI Banking, Financial Services and Insurance sector is no exception. BFSI embraces all type of Banking activities, Insurance, Stock Market, Mutual Funds and all kinds of Financial Institutions. An attempt is made in this paper to trace the role of women in Finance sector and their achievements in the last four decades. Objectives The primary objective of this paper is to study and consolidate the contributions of women in Financial sector and also attempt to correlate the qualities of women that have made them successful in their professional careers in Finance. The secondary objective is to detail some organizations which have realized this aspect and have given opportunities to women to advance in their careers in Finance. What is BFSI? BFSI includes Banking, Financial Services Insurance. The scope for BFSI in India is very promising as on date. According to a study, 51 percent of the Indian population do not possess bank accounts and lack access to financial facilities. There is a great potential for banks in the rural markets. Though the insurance sector achieved about 15 percent growth rate in the last year, Indias insurance accounts for just 0.6 percent of the GDP as against the world average of 2.14 percent. The main reasons for low penetration are low consumer awareness, untapped rural markets and constrained distribution channels. India ranks 136th on penetration levels and lags behind China (106), Brazil (85) and Japan (61). The U.S is ranked 9 in this regard. The scenario of insurance business in India is now changing and the insurance business is growing at an impressive rate. There are 21 Life Insurance and 19 General Insurance companies in both public and private sector put together. Microfinance institutions provide poor people with small amounts of credit at reasonable interest rates. The microfinance institutions can be financial cooperatives, rural banks and NGOs. Although credit is an important part of microfinance, it is just one of the diverse financial services that poor people need to improve their lives. Poor people also need saving services, basic insurance options and affordable remittance systems to best manage their assets and generate income. How can women contribute in Financial Sector? Women leaders in Finance have taken leadership to a new level. Not that men dont excel at being leaders. According to a survey by New Jersey based Caliper Corporation, a new paradigm is evolving and women are in the forefront of creating the same. Inclusive financial growth can be attained if the banks touch upon the bottom of the pyramid which consists of approximately 75 percent of the Indian population. We can say that India is divided into two parts one group of privileged class of people having access to the best of the financial facilities and another class of disadvantaged people unable to get the financial facilities. Women are becoming active and popular in all fields and the Indian Stock Market is no exception. The modern Indian women want to save money and are also prepared to take risks. Women at home i.e. the home makers follow the stock market with the help of internet and invest wisely. The home makers also look at the household products which are very useful and of good quality and invest in those companies. For example, when scotch brite was introduced in the market, they found out which company introduced the same and invested in that company. The product was a success and they gained from their investments. Only a very small fraction of the rural Indian population has access to the Microfinance services. Loans as little as Rs. 5000 can give poor people a chance to set up their own small business and create more jobs. A study reveals that 11 percent of the companies across sectors in India had women CEOs. 54 percent of these CEOs are from the financial services sector. Worldwide organizations encouraging women in BFSI. Women Advancing Microfinance International (WAMI) launched in 2003 is the only global network of and for the advancement of individual women in the microfinance industry. One of their core values is to advance and support womens leadership in the microfinance industry through education and training, by promoting leadership opportunities and by increasing visibility of womens participation and talent while maintaining their work life balance. In India also we have organizations to promote microfinance for women. The Indian School of Microfinance for Women headquartered in Ahmedabad was started in June 2003 to address the capacity building requirements in the microfinance sector. The School particularly focuses upon the lives of women who are the primary participants in microfinance interventions. The School does not look upon microfinance as a means of poverty alleviation but also as a means for womens leadership and the building of womens assets. Women in Banking and Finance (WIBF) is a non profit professional organization committed to empowering its members in the banking and finance industry to realize their full potential. The organization is headquartered in London and was founded in 1980 by five members viz Jane Bradford, Susan Law, Lorraine Paddison, Margery Povall and Anne Watts. The organization is run by a highly professional management team comprising of members who give their time on a voluntary basis. All members are encouraged to join the management team to develop their project management skills. Mann Deshi Mahila Sahakari Bank (MDMSB) is a unique cooperative bank run by and for women in Mhaswad, a village in Satara District of Maharashtra. This 10 year old bank has created 16720 women entrepreneurs in the region around Mhaswad. The bank enjoys an excellent repayment rate of 97.5 percent. Successful women in BFSI. One Organization in the BFSI sector in India that can boast of encouraging and able to get the services of women at all levels including the top management is undoubtedly is the ICICI group. K.V.Kamath is one of the lucky persons to be surrounded by women. He has been responsible for empowering many women in ICICI. Out of 11 top management executives reporting to the MD Chanda Kochhar, 3 are women. About 40 percent of the senior management is women and about 25 percent of the total staff is women. The current Managing Director of ICICI bank, Chanda Kochhar is known to be an assertive woman who has climbed the ladder in ICICI both the hard and smart way. She joined ICICI Bank in 1984 as a Management Trainee. She knew nothing about retail banking when she took over the retail operations in ICICI Bank in the year 1998 at the age of 36. She was ranked number 37 in the list of worlds most powerful businesswomen in the year 2006. Shikha Sharma, the current CEO of Axis Bank was the Managing Director of ICICI Prudential and played a major role in the growth of ICICI Prudential. She is an early achiever, fast learner and fiercely competitive. She was responsible for setting up the joint venture with U.K based Prudential and bringing ICICI Prudential in the Indian Insurance Map as the largest private sector insurance company in the country. The first woman to rise to a senior position at the bank was Lalita Gupte, who was hired in 1971 and retired as Joint Managing Director. She played a leading role in transforming ICICI in the 1990s, and then started the banks international business in 2001, servicing overseas Indians and expanding investments abroad. That business now accounts for 15% of ICICIs $56.3 billion in net assets. She joined Alstoms Board of Directors in 2010. She is also the non-executive chairman of ICICI Venture Funds Management Company. Madhabi Puri-Buch joined ICICI Bank Ltd in project finance department in 1989. She served as Senior General Manager of ICICI Bank since 2003. She serves as Head of Operations and Group Corporate Brand Officer of ICICI Bank Ltd. She is in charge of Retail Asset Operations and the Product and Technology Group in the Wholesale Banking Group of ICICI Bank. She has been Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of ICICI Securities since February 1, 2009. Kalpana Morparia now is the Head of India Operations of JP Morgan Chase Co. She joined the legal department of ICICI in 1975 and became a board member in 2001. She was appointed as Joint Managing Director of the bank in 2001. She played a key role in ICICI Groups capital raising exercise as well as the merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank in 2002. After 33 years of service with ICICI, she joined JP Morgan in 2008. Renuka Ramnath was the Head of one of Indias largest private equity fund ICICI Venture. She is often referred to as the mother of Indian private equity. She quit ICICI venture in 2009 to setup private funds with former executives of Indian PE industry. Ramnath has been the Managing Director CEO of ICICI Venture since 2001. During her career spanning over 20 years with the ICICI Group, Renuka has spearheaded various business initiatives. She began her career at the Merchant Banking division of ICICI and then headed the Corporate Finance and Equities businesses at ICICI Securities, an investment banking JV between ICICI and JP Morgan. Vishakha Mulye is currently the Managing Director CEO of ICICI Venture Funds Management Company Limited. Mulye was earlier the Executive Director of ICICI Lombard General Insurance Company Limited and the Group Chief Financial Officer of ICICI Bank Limited. Mulye is a Chartered Accountant and joined the ICICI group in 1993. She has worked extensively in the areas of project finance, structured finance, treasury, corporate planning and strategy, investor relations and resolution of distressed assets. She played a key role in the merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank, which led to the creation of the second largest bank in India. Between 2001 and 2005, she set up ICICI Banks structured finance business. This pioneering effort led to the development of an active securitization market in India. During this period, she was also responsible for ICICI Banks client-related treasury and markets operations, capital markets business and relationships with domestic financial institutions and multilat eral institutions. Mulye received the award for Most Powerful Women in Indian Business   2007 from Business Today. The World Economic Forum also selected her as a Young Global Leader for the year 2007. Renu Challu is the current Managing Director, State Bank of Hyderabad. Meera Sanyal is the Country Head Royal Bank of Scotland. Manisha Girotra is Managing Director and Chairperson for Swiss bank UBS in India . Renu Sud Karnad is the Managing Director of HDFC Ltd. Naina Lal Kidwai is the Group MD and Country Head of HSBC in India. Ashu Suyash is the MD and Country Head India of Fidelity International. Tarjani Vakil, former Chairperson of the Exim Bank, is one of the distinguished Indian bankers. She is the first women to head any large bank in India. In 1997, she was recognized by KPMG Worldwide Business as one of the top 50 women to prove her valor in the business. Through the recent economic meltdown and global recession, Reserve Bank of India had two women Deputy Governors Usha Torat and Shyamala Gopinath. Qualities in women that enables them to be successful in BFSI sector: Retail banking is more of relationship marketing rather than transactional marketing. Women excel at relationships. The nurturing and adjusting attitude of women flows into the workplace as well. Women are more practical and moderate risk takers. Women are good listeners and good learners. Women are more resilient and good at learning from setbacks. Women display better empathy and are able to place themselves in the shoes of the customers. Caliper Corporation, the New Jersey based Management Consulting Firm have made the following observations based on their study. Women are more persuasive Women are quick to learn from adversity Women demonstrate an inclusive, team building leadership styles of problem solving and decision making. Women are more likely to ignore rules and take risks. Suggestions for further enhancing the contribution of women in BFSI. The concept of Home Offices should be encouraged so that women may  contribute while raising families simultaneously Flexi time options should be made available to women Affluent Urban women should set up NGOs, Travel to the rural parts and  create awareness about the scope and importance of BFSI sector. Extensive training should be given to the rural women to take up careers  in finance The financial services companies should target the rural households  through the womenfolk. All women Regional Rural Banks should be encouraged. Conclusion It is observed from the secondary research that more and more women are actively participating and contributing to the BFSI sector. Since women are more empathetic, they can better understand customers. Women are more balanced and would take calculated moderate risks. It is high time our leaders realize this and leverage this to the growth of our country. Indian Banks and Financial Institutions with better gender equality on board than their western counterparts, scraped through the economic slowdown unscathed. In the last three decades, the gender equilibrium has become fairly poised.

Alcoholism- How Alcohol Affects the Body and Mind Essay -- Alcoholism:

In chemistry terms, alcohol is any organic compound where a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom from an alkyl. A hydroxyl group is a group consisting of an oxygen and hydrogen atom, bonded by a covalent bond. A covalent bonded is when two non-metals are bonded together. The type of alcohol suitable for consumption is known an Ethanol. Ethanol is a straight-chain alcohol, and its molecular formula is C2H5OH. Ethanol is one of the oldest recreational drugs. When a person drinks alcohol, it affects the central nervous system as a depressant, which causes a decrease in activity, anxiety, inhibitions and any underlying tension. Alcohol impairs concentration and judgment, even after only a few drinks. The intake of alcohol slows motor skills and clouds thinking. In some instances, when intoxicated, blackouts and memory loss occur because alcohol cuts off the supply of oxygen to the brain. Every time a person becomes intoxicated thousands of brain cells are killed, because of the lack of oxygen. Another harmful occurrence is blood sludging, or when red blood cells clump together. Blood sludging cuts off oxygen from tissues and kills cells. This type of cell loss causes red eyes in the morning, and broken capillaries. Blood sludging is important to recognize because it can lead to hemorrhaging and furthermore, to death. Alcoholism can be defined as a habitual intoxication or, the prolonged and excessive intake of alcoholic drinks, leading to a breakdown in health and an addiction to alcohol. Symptoms of alcoholism include, but are not limited to: confusion, drinking alone, making excuses to drink, neglecting to eat, not caring for physical appearance, lack of control over drinking and episodes of violence while drinking... ...scovery. 5 May 2004. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. . 9. "Google Health Alcoholism Information | AiR Assistance in Recovery." AiR Assistance in Recovery - Intervention, drug and alcoholism recovery management services. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. . 10. "Health - Delirium tremens." Google. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. . 11. "Hydroxyl." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 8 Oct. 2009. Web. 18 Oct. 2014. . 12. "Alcohol Metabolism." Alcoholism - The Alcoholism Home Page. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. . 13. "Alcohol Metabolism." Elmhurst College: Elmhurst, Illinois. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. .

The Brady Bunch :: essays research papers

THE BRADY BUNCH The word sitcom is short for Situation Comedy. A good sitcom story idea places the star (or supporting character) into a situation in need of a resolution, which will cause the character to respond in unexpected, exaggerated, and hugely sidesplitting ways (Rannow, pg. 13). A comedy now days are different from how they were in the 1960's and 1970's though. Today directors use sexual content and foul language to make people laugh and do not usually have a purpose or point to get across to the audience with each show. In earlier comedy, such as The Brady Bunch, Director Jack Arnold tried have a lesson learned in each episode while still maintaining a sense of humor, minus the foul language and sexual content. Although the show is not extremely funny to most people it is still a classic show that deserves to be remembered. The Brady Bunch tends to say that our society is corrupt in a way. It displays many problems that people deal with on a daily basis and expresses how they feel they should be fixed. The show tries to get across to the audience that even though there are some people out there that are not right in the head, you yourself still have to be. Mike Brady, the father always gives out these lessons. For example when Marcia's new boyfriend steals Greg's phony playbook for the football game, Mike tells Greg that in actuality, Greg would win the game by cheating himself, unless he confessed to Marcia's boyfriend and told him the truth. After doing so, Greg and his team prevailed as champions of that game. Although The Brady Bunch sends out loving vibes every episode, as the hippie's did at that time, it did in fact portray surprising violence in one memorable episode. A boy by the name of Billy continuously calls Cindy 'Baby Talk'; due to her lisp. One time Peter stands up for her and ends up getting punched in the eye. Mike Brady then teaches Peter how to fight in order to defend himself if the time comes. Sure enough the time came and Peter knocks the boy's teeth loose and he ends up having a lisp himself. After Cindy calls him 'Baby Talk'; though Peter sticks up for Billy and tells her not to tease him because she remembers how bad it felt to be teased herself.

Pancasila

CHAPTER I BACKGROUND Indonesia is a country which has a strong philosophy to control the whole system of the country. In its preamble, the 1945 constitution sets forth the Pancasila as the embodiment of basic principles of an independent Indonesian state. These five principles were announced by Sukarno in a speech known as â€Å"The Birth of the Pancasila,† which he gave to the Independence Preparatory Committee on June 1, 1945. In brief, and in the order given in the constitution, the Pancasila principles are: belief in one supreme God; humanitarianism; nationalism expressed in the unity of Indonesia; consultative democracy; and social justice.Sukarno's statement of the Pancasila, while simple in form, resulted from a complex and sophisticated appreciation of the ideological needs of the new nation. The details about each principles: 1. Belief in the one and only God The symbol of this principle is star. This principle tells us about belief in God. It shows that the Indonesia n people believe in life after death. It emphasizes that the pursuit of sacred values will lead the people to a better life in the hereafter. The principle is embodied in the 1945 Constitution and reads: â€Å"The state shall be based on the belief in the one and only God†.It is represented by the star in the centre of the shield of the Garuda Pancasila. 2. Just and civilized humanity The symbol of this principle is chain. This principle requires that human beings be treated with due regard to their dignity as God’s creatures. It emphasizes that the Indonesian people do not tolerate physical or spiritual oppression of human beings by their own people or by any other nation. The chain at the lower right of the shield symbolizes successive generations of humanity. 3. The unity of IndonesiaThe symbol of this principle is banyan tree. This principle talks about the concept of nationalism, of love for one’s nation and motherland. Pancasila nationalism demands that In donesians avoid feelings of superiority on the grounds of ethnicity, for reasons of ancestry and skin color. In his 1 June 1945 speech, Sukarno quoted Gandhi: I am a nationalist, but my nationalism is humanity. The Indonesian coat of arms enshrines the symbol of â€Å"Bhinneka Tunggal Ika† which means â€Å"unity in diversity†. This is represented on the shield by the banyan tree at top right. 4.Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst representatives The symbol of this principle is the buffalo’s head. Pancasila democracy calls for decision-making through deliberations to reach a consensus. It implies that voting is not encouraged as long as deliberation is possible. It is democracy that lives up to the principles of Pancasila. The head of the wild bull at top left stands for this principle. 5. Social justice for the whole of the people of Indonesia The symbol of this principle is the rice and cotton.This princip le calls for the equitable spread of welfare to the entire population, not in a static but in a dynamic and progressive way. This means that all of the country’s natural resources and the national potentials should be utilized for the greatest possible good and happiness of the people. Social justice implies protection of the weak. But protection should not deny them work. On the contrary, they should work according to their abilities and fields of activity. Protection should prevent wilful treatment by the strong and ensure the rule of justice.This is symbolized by the paddy and cotton ears on the shield. Those principle are the base of Indonesia. All the constitution, rule, regulation, law, and system in this country must follow those principles. All activities related with Indonesia cannot be contrarily with its state philosophy. This state philosophy also can help the government to solve some problems in the country. That is why Pancasila is made and conclude all aspects that are needed in country’s life. CHAPTER II VIOLATION OF PANCASILA 2. 1 The IssueReligious violence is not talking about good violence or the type of violence which is allowed by the religion. It talks about the violence action that bring such name of religion to attack other belief or religion. The head of Setara Institute for Democracy and Peace, Hendardi stated that within the last three years, the violence that bring the name of religion happened frequently, even more frequent than before. From the beginning of 2010, 27th of April, thousands of people attacked â€Å"Yayasan Badan Pendidikan Kristen† (BPK) complex at Cisarua, Bogor. Not less than six buildings was burnt.Then, on 1st of October, a thousand people invaded Ahmadiyah area at Cisalada, Ciampea, Bogor and broke six buildings. On 12th of September in the same year, Christian community of HKBP Pondok Timur Indah Church was attacked when they were going to do the service. A preacher was also being stabbed by the attacker. The violence was not ended at 2010, entering 2011, on 6th of February, a thousand of people attacked Ahmadiyah Cikeusik, Pandeglang. Three Ahmadiyah people was died in this incident. Two days after that there were some people broke and burnt three churches and one Catholic school at Temanggung, Central Java.Those violence causes death of some people and a big losses for some parties. That religious violence is easily published by the media. Even in one media, there is one Indonesian who live in Cairo, Egypt, state his cynical thought, â€Å"That is Indonesia which is never reach maturity stage. Other countries are trying to get out from the cage of primordialism but we still stay the same. † It shows that religious violence in Indonesia is also heard by other countries or even by the whole world. One case that recently happened is the case on Temanggung, Central Java.That chaos happened after the judge verdicts 5-year punishment in jail to Antonius Richmon Ba wengan who is judged as a person who insult other religion. Right after the decision of the judge come out, the mass on the court altogether destroy the buildings (three churches and one Catholic school), break the glass and other facilities there. Those violence has caused great chaotic in Temanggung. Some roads must be closed due to the barbaric action of the mass. It also causes great loss to some parties. The reason for that religious violence is mass’ disappointment because of the judge decision.They think the punishment is too small for the person who insults religion. Actually, there is another happening before that religious violence happens. On 3rd of October 2010, Antonius Richmon stayed at his relative’s house in Kenalan village, Temanggung, Central Java. On that day, Antonius spread some books, that contain some statement that were considered as humiliation for the Moslem, to the Moslem mass around him. That is why the mass in that village were disturbed by his action and decided to arrest him since 26th of October 2010.The oddity in this case is most of the mass that was doing the violence were coming from outside Temanggung. The secretary of â€Å"Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama† (The Harmony of Religion), Djundardo, said â€Å"Most of the mass that do the violence was coming from outside Temanggung because, basicaly, Temanggung has good harmony in inter-religion interactions. † 2. 2 Analysis based on principles of Pancasila This case has violated several principle of Pancasila which must be our base in everything people do in this country. For the most, it totally violates the first principle â€Å"Belief in the one and only God†.This principle does not mean that all of Indonesian must have one religion. Indonesia acknowledges five religions before and six religions for now. It means that this principle encourage the entire citizen to respect other religion and belief. It says one and only God to emphasize that w e have one goal, one destination, and one same point at the last so the one that makes each religion different is the way to reach that goals. The former of Pancasila already thought about it carefully. They just wanted all citizens can have good harmony just like a big family, even though there is diverse religion and belief in it.Unfortunately, the fact, nowadays, is really contrast with the Pancasila’s former expectation. If we see the â€Å"religious violence†, it shows that there is lack of respect to other religion. They tend to defend their own religion by violence. They think that their religion is the best and because of that they lose the harmony of inter-religion relationship which is expected by the former from the first principle. The people who do violence forget about the first principle that said about the one and only God which means unity in one God.The principle means the last destination of each religion is one and only God who loves all people who believe on Him, so people do not have any right to judge which religion is the best among others. Besides that, none of the religion that tells people to solve problems with violence actions. If there is some people who do violence action and bring the name of religion, it means those people are not respect their own religion and God. That is why, this violence which attack other religion has considered as violation the first principle of Pancasila.Besides that, religious violence also violates second principle of Pancasila â€Å"Just and civilized humanity† because it harm so many people’s life. Civilized humanity describes the society that can treat the people who live there fairly, are polite and behave in a calm and reasonable way. The violence is a contrast action of civilized humanity. It shows that the mass, that kill other people, break others’ properties, and even obstruct others’ religion, imply impoliteness and barbarian behavior. It totally do not implement the second principle of Pancasila.Those actions also violate the third principle of Pancasila â€Å"The unity of Indonesia† because those actions can trigger any disunity among the citizen of Indonesia. Basically, unity never means all people must in the same thought, same condition, or same choice. Unity can be reached when we can respect others thought, condition and choice to reach one goal; also when we can harmonize that diversity and, the most important, has the sense of belonging to all of the member. In this religious violence, we cannot see the sense of belonging of those people or even their effort to respect others’ belief.They try to attack others because they think that religion is not appropriate to exist and be believed there. At the last, religious violence can be counted as violation of the fifth principle â€Å"Social justice for the whole of the people of Indonesia†. It violates this principle due to the closing of some churches which is unfair for the Christians who live kindly and nicely to the society. In this principle, the former said â€Å"for the whole of people of Indonesia† not for several people which means there must be no discrimination to get social justice.People should not judge a religion based on one-man action which does not describe the characteristic the whole of people who taking up that religion. 2. 3 Solutions Government need to remember and understand deeply about our Constitution. We must realize that we are in the democratic country, not an authoritative one. It means that we must respect others’ thought and belief; we cannot force others to have the same thought and belief with us. If we can realize it, hopefully, our country can be calmer and has harmonious inter-religion life. Government also needs to be strict in law to cope this issue.It is not only in law but also in its implementation. If someone harms others’ life, especially with harassment, it must b e considered as a crime and he/ she must be arrested based on the law. Government need to repair their mind to do their work to serve the whole citizen wholehearted and fairly. Besides all of that, we also can start to resolve the issue by ourselves. We must learn to respect others’ belief and not judge a society by one-man action only. We must try to open our mind to the diversity around us and share our knowledge to the people who still lack of this awareness.We also need to socialize with all people in our society, not only people who have same belief or interest with us. CHAPTER III CONCLUSION Indonesia is a country which established with a strong state philosophy which is called Pancasila. Pancasila consists of five basic principles which already covers all aspects in country’s life. The principles include the belief, humanity, unity, democracy, and justice. Those principles are called as state philosophy because those five principles are the fundamental principle to run the country. It means every single thing which is done in and for the country must agree with Pancasila.On the other hand, if we see the reality nowadays, there is some violation in regards of Pancasila. One kind of the violation is religious violence, which means some violence action which brings a name of religion. This issue becomes more frequent lately. The last case is in Temanggung where there are three churches and a Catholic school were destroyed by the mass which bring the name of Islam. That violence had caused chaotic and terrified situation in Temanggung because the mass was looked so brutal. This case has totally broke the first principle of Pancasila which said belief in one and only God.

Research Paper on Juvenile Court Essay

Age is Just a Number, Right? In the year 1993, a 2-year-old boy, named Jamie Bulger was taken by two 10-year old boys and was injured and murdered. The two boys rested his body on a railroad track with the intention of blaming the train, which would cover up what they had done (Wilde 1). Cameron Kocher a 9 year old from upstate Pennsylvania shot a rifle out of the window of his room and killed his 7-year-old neighbor, who was riding on a snowmobile (Schwartz 1). Shocking isn’t it? Who would believe children at such a young age could commit such crimes. The real question is what happened to these cases? Do both children get the death penalty? And if not, what punishment do they receive? Should juveniles get trialed as adults? That question has haunted many for decades now. But before we make any irrational decisions, let’s get to the facts. What exactly is a juvenile delinquent? Well it’s a child who commits acts that would be considered crimes if done by an adult. A child is considered a juv enile delinquent until they reach the of 18, 17 some states 16 (Britannica 1). Juvenile delinquency can include crimes like disorderly conduct, minor theft, rape and vandalism (Britannica 1). Juveniles are usually tried in Juvenile Courts or also known as Family courts. The purpose of juvenile courts is to rehabilitate a delinquent and prevent from repeating behavior, instead of sentencing them to jail. â€Å"The systems rooted in the belief† that children have not matured entirely to be aware of their mistakes/actions ( Leora). However juvenile courts didn’t always exist. It wasn’t until in Chicago 1899 the juvenile court of law was started. Before this new system, children would be trialed as adults (Britannica 1). One of the very first juvenile cases was in 1786 in colonial times. Children under the age of seven could not be held guilty for a serious crime. From the ages 8-14 it was said that their legal status was â€Å"ambiguous†. If you were over the age of 14 you would be trialed as an adult (Jeffrey 16 & 17). The need for a juvenile system wasn’t looked upon because before â€Å"the behavior of children was the primary responsib ility of the parents, particularly the father.† The community frowned upon those who could not control their children. When juveniles would go to a judge, the judge would just send them to jail for a short while, most of them would return. The idea or system of trialing a juvenile different from an adult didn’t come until the 1900’s (Jeffery 17). As the system was created they needed to make some regulations or rules for certain occasions. Offenders who were charged with a particular serious crime will go straight to a fitness hearing instead of having a juvenile court jurisdiction. A fitness hearing decides weather they should be trialed as an adult or juvenile. When making the decision they look at â€Å" the minors degrees of criminal sophistication†, if they can be rehabilitated and the juveniles previous cases (Leora 6). Other situations a juvenile may be trialed in an adult are when â€Å"state laws mandate such processing for certain offenses with a set age and rage [statutory exclusion] ; prosecutors decide on a criminal proceeding with limitations based on offense and age [prosecutorial discretion] and the juvenile court judge decides to waive the case within limits based on offenses and age [judicial waver] (Britannica 3). A big problem was the punishm ent. What would be an effective way? Courts wanted to avoid the death penalty and jail time. In the 1890’s a juvenile could be sentenced to a death penalty. It wasn’t until 2005 when in the U. S. Supreme Court decided to raise the age for the death penalty to 18 in the Roper v. Simmons case (Britannica 3). In Georgia the death penalty age is 17 (Jeffery 17). Another regulation that was placed, that the court cannot make a jurisdiction that passes the age of 21. No matter what the offense is, juveniles are to be released at 21. However if the juvenile is trialed in an adult court, than this condition wont apply (Britannica 4). So what is an effective way to help these juveniles? Family courts created all kinds of programs and activities. Such as, education based programs: that help educate children about the affect of drugs, gangs, sex and weapons (â€Å"Juvenile† 3). This program helps parents in monitoring and responding to a child’s behavior (Britannica 1). There are correctional programs known commonly as training schools. Also there are presentational programs. An example of one of these programs is Nebraska Correctional youth facility. They have juvenile delinquents that have been trialed in an adult court. The age ranges from 15 to 21. They teach the youth how to change their criminal behavior (â€Å"juvenile 4†). Other solutions for juvenile delinquency are recreational programs. They’re effective because they fill unsupervised hours after school. It has been reported that youths are most likely commit a crime from 2pm to 8pm. Recreational programs allow youths to become  friends with adults and children that are good influences (â€Å"Juvenile† 3). However there are many ineffective programs. Back in the 1990’s communities where scared for juvenile delinquency to increase so they came to conclusion that the harsher programs were, the better. They had slogans such as â€Å"get tough on crime† and â€Å"adult time for adult crime†. They created programs such as â€Å"The Juvenile Boot- camp (â€Å"juvenile† 5 & 6). Many people believe that the court it just to easy on their verdicts. So who exactly are these juvenile delinquents? What could cause a child to be so violent? Researchers found similar characteristics that are found in most juveniles. They display impulsive behaviors and difficulty showing gratification. Also more likely to perform poorly in school or droop out all together. Especially in those whose parents do not supervise or enforce any discipline or do not communicate. Also parents of juveniles are likely to have committed a crime them selves (Britannica 1 & 2). The majority of the cases involve males. Female delinquency began to increase in the 1980’s in the United States (Britannica 1). Most researchers who study juveniles believe that there is no single cause. Some study biological factors. Others study how some people learn certain behaviors through social experiences. Sociologist explain that many go into criminal behavior as an adaption to a social environment in which they can’t attain their social goals (Britannica 1). Now that you know the facts and some more information†¦what do you think? Should juveniles be trialed as adults? Well I believe that yes they should be. That if they are committing an adult action they should pay for it like an adult. Many argue that children aren’t aware of what they’re doing. Honestly we sometimes underestimate children and don’t really look at what they are capable of. For example, Nathaniel Brazill, â€Å"a 14 year old boy convicted for the murder of his middle school teacher†¦ Brazill shot his teacher Barrry Gunrow in the head on the final day of classes† (â€Å"Teen†). Who would think that a young boy would do this? Nobody I’m guessing, th is is clear evidence that we need to pay a closer attention to children and not judge them on their age. Another example is, four teenagers, Humberto Guzman, Hassan Mayfield, Denzell Fell and Andrew Johnson, ages 13 and 15. They are â€Å"accused of a killing a student, Broderick J. Henman by chasing him into a car path way during a robbery attempt†. A witness describes that Broderick was running way from the robbers. That they held him and punched him on the side of his head. He  also said that they boys had laughed as the car stuck Broderick (Hartocollis 1 &2). This case strongly shows that these children know exactly what they are doing and have the same intentions as adults. So they shouldn’t have special treatment, when they act so brutal and awful. Many children who have committed â€Å"crimes such as rape, robbery assault, murder and attempted murder are exempt from being trialed as an adult because of their age (Wilde 1). Does that seem right to you? A child isn’t normal if he/she committed such atrocious acts. I think that most or at least part of the blame belongs to parents for their ignorance. I believe they should pay more attention to their children to spot or notice any weird changes in attitudes or behavior. An example of this is, â€Å"in February 2009 state police found 26 year old Kenzie Hauk in her bed with a bullet straight through her head. She was eight months old pregnant.† The murderer was 11 year old Jordan Brown the son of the Fiancà ©e (Chen 1).The boy had been jealous of his dads fiancà ©e. Does this not grab your attention? This is obviously lack of parenting or communication coming from his father. If he were paying closer attention then he could’ve spotted that something was going on with his son Now that you’ve heard a couple of examples I really hope you were able to change perspectives if you did not agree in the first place. Just think how the families of these victims feel? Try putting your self in their places? Wouldn’t you want the killer to pay for debt evenly? I know I would. So why not avoid this from happening? Parents watch your children more closely and keep communication between you guys if you start to seem them acting up. Act fast, before you son or daughter is sitting in the court waiting for his/her verdict.

Criminal: Snatch Theft Essay

Snatch theft is becoming a serious issue nowadays. During the months of June and July 2004, the local media, especially the press, have been replete with reports of crime and violence in Malaysia. There have been many reports of snatch thefts which has given a great impact to the society. Police statistics on these crimes indicate that they are on the rise. Therefore, there is a sense of anxiety, even panic and fear in the air. see more:snatch theft essay The seriousness of this crime can be proven when on January 29th, 2005, the Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi himself has addressed throughout the country his curious concern on the rise of the crime and the need to implement more severe punishments. There are lots of articles in the newspapers and on the internet to show the seriousness of the offence of snatch theft. On January 30th 2005, our nation’s leading newspapers, namely Berita Minggu and The Star had reported snatch theft crimes, which had happened near Ipoh, Perak. The suspect had snatched the bag from a sixty year old woman at a shopping mall at Jalan Kampar, as the woman was walking to her car. The twenty year old thief, who had tried to escape in his car, also knocked down a man, who suffered minor injuries. The suspect ran through the traffic lights and collided with two cars. This has caused him to lose control of his vehicle, which then hit the road sign. The suspect then was detained. The second example of this snatch theft crime happened on January 9th 2005. Berita Minggu had reported another snatch theft incident, where two female students were injured after their motorcycle crashed into a concrete drain while escaping from a snatch criminal. The suspect had followed the girls with a motorcycle on their way after attending tuition class. In another case, on June 10th 2004, Ros Saliza Burhan, a factory worker on her way waiting for the bus was followed by two men on a motorcycle. Failed to snatch the victim’s bag, the criminal had used force against her by stabbing her three times so that she will release her bag. The victim fainted because of the injury. Those were just among a few cases occur in our country. There are other cases, which cause a more terrifying result such as death, grievous hurt, shocked and so forth. The seriousness of this offence can be seen when Chin Wai Fong died in Brickfields in May when she fought back against a snatch thief. Then Chong Fee Cheng fell, went into a coma and died while resisting a snatch thief in Johor Baru in mid-June. This was followed by the killing of Rosli Mohamed Saad who had gone to the aid of an Indonesian woman whose bag was snatched in Ampang in June 29. The newspapers also carried statistics on the number of snatch thefts. Relying on police statistics, Penang Chief Minister Tan Sri Dr Koh Tsu Koon revealed that there had been a total of 515 cases of snatch thefts in Penang between January and May 2004. Meanwhile the Perak Chief Police Officer reported a total of 374 cases of snatch thefts in his state during January to May 2004. With all the examples and discussions given, the issue of whether or not the crime of â€Å"snatch theft† should be separated from the offence of â€Å"theft† and â€Å"robbery† will impose a lot of legal discussion in order to ensure public safety. The main and crucial issue to be discussed here is that whether the offence of â€Å"theft† and â€Å"robbery† sufficiently address the offence of â€Å"snatch theft†. In other words, whether or not the elements of the two offences, which are already in the Penal Code are sufficient to be raised for a person who commits snatch theft. In order to tackle this issue, the elements of â€Å"theft†, which is under section 378 of the Penal Code and the elements of â€Å"robbery† which is under section 390 of the Penal Code have to be analyzed one by one. First and foremost, we would like to discuss the elements of â€Å"theft† which is under section 378 of the Penal Code. The said pr ovision defines theft as â€Å"Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of any person without that person’s consent, moves that property in order to such taking, is said to commit theft†. Basically, from the definition, there are five elements of â€Å"theft†. The first element is dishonesty. It is defined under section 24 of the Penal Code as â€Å"Whoever does anything with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another person, irrespective of whether the act causes actual wrongful loss or gain, is said to do that thing â€Å"dishonestly†.† This shows that the important thing is to determine whether or not there is an intention to cause wrongful gain or wrongful loss to the other person. What is â€Å"wrongful gain† and â€Å"wrongful loss† then? It is further defined in section 23 of the Penal Code, whereby a person is said to gain wrongfully when such person retains wrongfully, as well as when such person acquires wrongfully. A person is said to lose wrongfully when such person is wrongfully kept out of any property, as well as when such person is wrongfully deprived of the property. Since dishonesty requires the intention to wrongfully gain or lose, the intention must exist at the time of moving of the property. This is because, it is not theft if there is no intention at the time of taking of the property . The authority for the first element can be seen in the case of Raja Mohamed v. R whereby the principle is that there must be an intention to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of another person without that person’s consent in order to constitute theft. Meaning to say, it is sufficient that the person, who has such dishonest intention moves the property in order to such taking. In addition, it is not necessary to move such property in order to move out of the possession of the other person. Next, the second element is that the person must take without consent. It means that there must be an intention to take another’s property without consent. The important point here is how the accused conceives of the situation whether or not the person whose property is taken would consent to it. In other words, this element depends on the mind of the owner of the property. In the situation when a person consents, then the actus reus of theft is not fulfilled and therefore there is no theft. The third element is to take out of possession. It means that the property must be taken or moved out of the possession. If the accused has a dishonest intention and moves the property, then he is said to move the property out of possession. It is to be noted here that theft is an offence against possession and not of ownership. Therefore, the offence is against the person who is in possession. A possession for the purpose of theft relates to movable property and movable property, which is lost or abandoned may not be in any possession of any person. However, when it is neither lost nor abandoned, even if it is then placed in the possession of someone else, the possession may still remain with the true owner. Subsequently, the fourth element is movable property. What is â€Å"movable property† is defined under section 22 of the Penal Code, which states that the words â€Å"movable property† are intended to include corporeal property of every description. Except land and things attached to the earth, or permanently fastened to anything which is attached to the earth. It means that as long as the thing is attached to the earth, therefore it is not movable. Furthermore, a thing attached to the earth is not movable and cannot be a subject of theft until it has been severed from the earth. Land within the meaning of section 22 of the Penal Code does not include soil from the land. However, when it is dug out of the land, it is then known as movable property. In the case of Lim Soon Gong & Ors., the respondents were charged with committing theft of sand from the foreshore. The principle of this case regarding the fourth element is that sand, which has been dug out from the foreshore is a movable property. Eventually, the final element of theft is there must be a moving of the property. It means that the property must be moved out of possession. This can be seen in the authority of Raja Mohamed v. R, the accused had removed boxes containing two dozens of glasses from the company’s ground floor storeroom. He was charged of convicting theft. The principle of this case is that it is sufficient if the person had formed a dishonest intent ion and moves the property in order to such taking. Moreover, it is not necessary to move the property fully out of possession in order to commit theft. Having fulfilled all the five elements under section 378 of the Penal Code, the accused then can be held liable for committing theft. Section 379 of the Penal Code further provides the punishment for theft, whereby one can be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years or with fine or both. It further adds that for a second or subsequent offence, one shall be punished with imprisonment and also be liable to fine or whipping. The question to be asked is whether the offence of â€Å"snatch theft† can fall under the offence of â€Å"theft† under section 378 of the Penal Code. It seems like it is insufficient as when snatch theft is committed, there will be the element of force on the person who is being snatched, whereas the elements of theft are more mild in the sense that there is nothing in the provision states that there is a use of force or further may result to a more critical situation such as death. Thus, this will make the punishment for theft does not suit the offence of snatch theft. Snatch theft as being said earlier can cause injury to the other person and it can even come to the extent of causing death to the other person. Besides that, there also should be an element of force. These elements seem do not present in the elements of theft. Thus, we submit that the offence of â€Å"theft† does not sufficiently address the offence snatch theft as snatch theft is more serious and causes more severe injury as compared to theft. Having discussed the elements of â€Å"theft†, we will go into details the offence of â€Å"robbery† in order to come to the conclusion of whether or not it is sufficiently address the offence of snatch theft. Section 390 of the Penal Code which is regarding the offence of â€Å"robbery† will be analyzed. Clause (1) of the said provision states that in all robbery there is either theft or extortion. In other words, for the offence of robbery to arise, either the two main elements, which are theft or extortion has to exist. Section 390(2) states that theft is â€Å"robbery† if, in order to commit theft, or in committing the theft, or in carrying away or attempting to carry away property obtained by the theft, the offender, for that end, voluntarily causes or attempts to cause to any person death, or hurt, or wrongful restraint, or fear of instant death, or of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint. Section 390(3) defines extortion as robbery, if the offender, at the time of committing the extortion, is in the presence of the person put in fear and commits the extortion by putting that person in fear of instant death, of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint to that person or to some other person, and, by so putting in fear, induces the person so put in fear then and there to deliver up the thing extorted. In other words, robbery is theft or extortion in an aggravated form. Hence, the elements of theft or extortion must be present in addition to the aggravated circumstances set out in robbery. Section 390 provides for the circumstances when theft constitutes robbery. The words â€Å"for that end† in section 390 must relate to the commission of theft. Hence where an assault has no relation to the theft, robbery is not committed. If, for example, the accused first assaulted the complainant and then subsequently formed an intention to take his watch, he cannot be liable for robbery but only for theft. The crucial point under the offence of robbery is to determine the meaning of the word â€Å"for that end†. The force or threat of force must be for the purpose of committing theft and carrying away the property. In Karuppa Gounden, it was held that â€Å"the word ‘for that end’ in section 390, Penal Code, cannot be read as meaning in those circumstances†. It was held by the Lahore Court in Karmun that, â€Å"†¦before a person can be convicted of robbery the prosecution must prove that hurt was caused in order to the committing of the theft or in committing the theft or in carrying away or attempting to carry away the property obtained by the theft. The hurt contemplated must be a conscious and voluntary act on the part of the thief for the purpose of overpowering resistance on the part of the victim, quite separate and distinct from the act of theft itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the other case of Bishambhar Nath v. Emperor AIR, the principle is that in order to commit theft of the cash or in committing the theft of cash for carrying away or attempting to carry away property obtained by the theft, the accused for the theft voluntarily caused or attempted to cause hurt. The word â€Å"for that end† clearly means that the hurt caused by the offender must be with the express object of facilitating the commission of theft or hurt must be caused while the offender was committing theft or in carrying away or in attempting to carry away the property obtained by the theft. It does not mean that the assault or hurt must be caused in the same transaction or in the same circumstances. In Nga Po Thet, the essence of robbery is that the offender must cause death, hurt or wrongful restraint or fear of death, hurt or wrongful restraint in the commission of theft or in carrying away the property obtained by theft. The punishment for robbery is stated in section 392 of the Penal Code, whereby it shall be punished for a term which may extend to ten years and shall be liable to fine. In addition, if the robbery is committed between sunset and sunrise, the imprisonment may be extended to fourteen years and shall also be liable to fine or whipping. From the discussion of robbery as in section 390 of the Penal Code, the offence of robbery seems to satisfy some elements of snatch theft. As what has been said earlier, the offence of snatch theft involves the elements of force and the consequences of the act will lead to a severe injury to the victim and sometimes it may lead to death of the victim. In fact, section 390 is being used for the time being as to replace the offence of snatch theft which is not in the Penal Code yet. This shows that snatch theft is very dangerous to the public at large as the offence is nearly similar to the elements of the offence of robbery under section 390. The punishment for snatch theft is as the same as the punishment for robbery under section 392. This again proves that snatch theft is a serious crime. However, we strongly think that there must be an element of force in snatch theft. This is because when a person snatches another person’s handbag, there is an existence of force used against the other person. This is because, when a person wants to grab the other person’s bag, it will happen fast. When this happens, the other person will be hurt and injured as there is force used against him or her. In other words, force and hurt will tend to exist simultaneously when a person commits the offence of snatch theft. In the current situation, the Deputy Internal Security Affairs Minister Datuk Noh Omar has clarified in Parliament that the Police, since early 2004, had resorted to using the Emergency Ordinance (Crime Prevention & Public Safety) 1969 against snatch thieves â€Å"if the Police is convinced that the suspects had committed the offence†. Under the Ordinance, those suspected may be held for sixty days after which the Internal Security Minister could decide to detain them for up to two years without trial. The Deputy Internal Security Affairs Minister further clarified that the Police would also charge snatch thieves under sections 392, 394 and 397 of the Penal Code, which allows for caning, jail terms (up to twenty years if armed, under section 394), apart from imposing fines. This last step is in line with the suggestions of another politician, Karpal Singh, who called for amendments to sections 392 and 394 of the Penal Code to impose mandatory whipping of not less than six stro kes. It was also the suggestion of Wong Sulong in his Editorial in The Star on June 15th, 2004. Since there is still no laws imposed on snatch theft, it is to be tabled in the year 2005. The Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department, Datuk Mohd Radzi Sheikh Ahmad said a Bill dealing specifically with snatch theft offences would be tabled in Parliament in July, 2005. He added that, under the new law, the offenders could be imprisoned between seven and twenty years and whipping could be included as part of the punishment. Currently in the Penal Code, there is no special provision for snatch theft besides the separate charges for theft and robbery, which carry a maximum jail sentence of seven and twenty years respectively. He further added that the law would be effective by the end of the year 2005 if everything goes smoothly. The need of having a special law for snatch theft is due to the many reported cases of victims being killed or seriously injured. This shows that the offence of snatch theft is indeed a serious crime.